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A survey of how engineering techniques from control and systems theory can be used to help biologists understand the behavior of cellular systems.
There has continuously been a massive growth of Internet traffic for these years despite the "bubble burst" in year 2000. As the telecom market is gradually picking up, it would be a consensus in telecom and data-com industries that the CAPEX (Capital Expenditures) to rebuild the network infrastructure to cope with this traffic growth would be imminent, while the OPEX (Operational Expenditures) has to be within a tight constraint. Therefore, the newly built 2r^-century network has to fully evolve from voice-oriented legacy networks, not only by increasing the transmission capacity of WDM links but also by introducing switching technologies in optical domain to provide full-connectivity to support a wide variety of services. This book stems from the technical contributions presented at the Optical Networks and Technology Conference (OpNeTec), inaugurated this year 2004 in Pisa, Italy, and collects innovations of optical network technologies toward the 2V^ century network. High-quality recent research results on optical networks and related technologies are presented, including IP over WDM integration, burst and packet switchings, control and managements, operation, metro- and access networks, and components and devices in the perspective of network application. An effort has been made throughout the conference, hopefully reflected at least partially in this book, to bring together researchers, scientists, and engineers working both academia and industries to discuss the relative impact of networks on technologies and vice versa, with a vision of the future.
If one reflects upon the range of chemical problems accessible to the current quantum theoretical methods for calculations on the electronic structure of molecules, one is immediately struck by the rather narrow limits imposed by economic and numerical feasibility. Most of the systems with which experimental photochemists actually work are beyond the grasp of ab initio methods due to the presence of a few reasonably large aromatic ring systems. Potential energy surfaces for all but the smallest molecules are extremely expensive to produce, even over a restricted group of the possible degrees of freedom, and molecules containing the higher elements of the periodic table remain virtually untouched due to the large numbers of electrons involved. Almost the entire class of molecules of real biological interest is simply out of the question. In general, the theoretician is reduced to model systems of variable appositeness in most of these fields. The fundamental problem, from a basic computational point of view, is that large molecules require large numbers of basis functions, whether Slater type orbitals or Gaussian functions suitably contracted, to provide even a modestly accurate description of the molecular electronic environment. This leads to the necessity of dealing with very large matrices and numbers of integrals within the Hartree-Fock approximation and quickly becomes both numerically difficult and uneconomic.
These two volumes deal with the quantum theory of the electronic structure of ab initio is the notion that approximate solutions molecules. Implicit in the term of Schrodinger's equation are sought "from the beginning," i. e. , without recourse to experimental data. From a more pragmatic viewpoint, the distin guishing feature of ab initio theory is usually the fact that no approximations are involved in the evaluation of the required molecular integrals. Consistent with current activity in the field, the first of these two volumes contains chapters dealing with methods per se, while the second concerns the application of these methods to problems of chemical interest. In a sense, the motivation for these volumes has been the spectacular recent success of ab initio theory in resolving important chemical questions. However, these applications have only become possible through the less visible but equally important efforts of those developing new theoretical and computational methods and models. Henry F. Schaefer vii Contents Contents of Volume 3 xv Chapter 1. A Priori Geometry Predictions 1. A. Pople 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Equilibrium Geometries by Hartree-Fock Theory 2 2. 1. Restricted and Unrestricted Hartree-Fock Theories 2 2. 2. Basis Sets for Hartree-Fock Studies . . . . . 4 2. 3. Hartree-Fock Structures for Small Molecules . 6 2. 4. Hartree-Fock Structures for Larger Molecules 12 3. Equilibrium Geometries with Correlation . . 18 4. Predictive Structures for Radicals and Cations 20 5. Conclusions 23 References 24 Chapter 2. Barriers to Rotation and Inversion Philip W. Payne and Leland C.
This book is fourth of the five volume series, which provides an extensive coverage of the topics discussed, focusing on the applications of the principles involved. Each of the five volumes distinguishes itself by projecting the subject through a numb
In the opening chapters contributors lay out the large-scale context of the physical climate of Canada, introducing the processes, balances, and dynamic linkages between the surface and atmosphere that create and maintain the diversity of surface climates found in Canada as well as outlining the nature of the physical processes that operate near the ground's surface. Individual chapters are dedicated to snow and ice - the almost universal surface cover in Canada - and the other major natural surface environments of Canada: ocean and coastal zones, fresh water lakes, wetlands, arctic islands, low arctic and subarctic lands, forests, and alpine environments. The final part of the book considers those surface environments that have been strongly influenced by human activity, such as agricultural lands and urban environments, and examines the prospects for future climate change. Bringing together for the first time a wide range of scholarship by leading climatologists, The Surface Climates of Canada will be an indispensable tool for understanding Canada's surface climates and the processes responsible for their creation and control. Contributors include Brian D. Amiro (AECL), W.G. Bailey (Simon Fraser), Richard Bello (York), Terry J. Gillespie (Guelph), Barry E. Goodison (Atmospheric Environment Service), F. Kenneth Hare (emeritus professor, Toronto), L.D. Danny Harvey (Toronto), Owen Hertzman (Dalhousie), Peter M. Lafleur (Trent), J. Harry McCaughey (Queen's), Linda Mortsch (Environment Canada), R. Ted Munn (Toronto), D. Scott Munro (Toronto), Atsumu Ohmura (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Timothy R. Oke (UBC), John W. Pomeroy (Environment Canada), Alexander W. Robertson (Canadian Forest Service), Nigel T. Roulet (McGill), Wayne R. Rouse (McMaster), Ian R. Saunders (Simon Fraser), William M. Schertzer (Environment Canada), Hans-Peter Schmid (Indiana), David L. Spittlehouse (BC Ministry of Forests), Douw G. Steyn (UBC), John L. Walmsley (Atmospheric Environment Service), John D. Wilson (Alberta), Ming-Ko Woo (McMaster).
If one surveys the development of wind engineering, one comes to the conclusion that the challenge of urban climatology is one of the most important remaining tasks for the wind engineers. But what distinguishes wind engineering in urban areas from conventional wind engineering? Principally, the fact that the effects studied are usually unique to a particular situation, requiring consideration of the surroundings of the buildings. In the past, modelling criteria have been developed that make it possible to solve environmental problems with great confidence, and studies validated the models: at least in a neutrally stratified atmosphere. The approach adopted in the book is that of applied fluid mechanics, since this forms the basis for the evaluation of the urban wind field. Variables for air quality or loads are problem specific, or even random, and methods for studying them are based on risk analysis, which is also presented. Criteria are developed for a systematic approach to urban wind engineering problems, including parameter studies. The five sections of the book are: Fundamentals of urban boundary layer and dispersion; Forces on complex structures in built-up areas; Air pollution in cities; Numerical solution techniques; and Posters. A subject index is included.