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This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style.
First Published in 2004. It is often assumed that the woman worker was produced by the Industrial Revolution, and that since that time women have taken an increasing share in the world's work. This theory is, however, quite unsupported by facts. In every industrial system in the past women have been engaged in productive work and their contribution has been recognised as an indispensable factor. This volume is devoted to women's employment inagriculture and the agrarian revolution.
"I am not living upon my friends or doing housework for my board but am a factory girl," asserted Anna Mason in the early 1850s. Although many young women who worked in the textile mills found that the industrial revolution brought greater independence to their lives, most working women in nineteenth-century New England did not, according to Thomas Dublin. Sketching engaging portraits of women's experience in cottage industries, factories, domestic service, and village schools, Dublin demonstrates that the autonomy of working women actually diminished as growing numbers lived with their families and contributed their earnings to the household. From diaries, letters, account books, and censuses, Dublin reconstructs employment patterns across the century as he shows how wage work increasingly came to serve the needs of families, rather than of individual women. He first examines the case of rural women engaged in the cottage industries of weaving and palm-leaf hatmaking between 1820 and 1850. Next, he compares the employment experiences of women in the textile mills of Lowell and the shoe factories of Lynn. Following a discussion of Boston working women in the middle decades of the century-particularly domestic servants and garment workers-Dublin turns his attention to the lives of women teachers in three New Hampshire towns.
There is still much uncertainty about the role of nineteenth-century British women in social and political protest. As politics was a man’s world virtually all official accounts and statistics of popular protest deal only with the men involved. It is well known that women participated in food riots and mobilised support for Chartism, and as the dramatic changes in the economy during this period greatly increased the demand for women’s labour, this stimulated their widespread involvement in political and social agitation, particularly the parliamentary reform movement of 1819. First published in 1982, this book provides a descriptive account of the part played by women – mainly working class women – in a variety of social and political activities that can broadly be categorised as protest. It establishes the basic outlines and offers an interpretation of the course of events.
From the mid 18th century, new machines powered by steam and coal began to produce goods on a massive scale. This was known as the Industrial Revolution. Workers were badly paid and their working conditions were harsh. Life was even harder for working women, who received lower wages and fewer rights than men. Some women, however, would not stand for the poor treatment of themselves or others. These are the stories of four trailblazers who achieved amazing things in difficult circumstances: Known as the "e;Angel of the Prisons"e;, Elizabeth Fry brought about changes for female and child inmates. Florence Nightingale did the unthinkable for a woman of the time and, instead of getting married, became a nurse and reformed the nursing system. Sarah G. Bagley was a pioneering labour activist who fought against harsh factory conditions. "e;Mother"e; Jones earned the title of "e;most dangerous woman in America"e; by travelling around the country urging coal miners and mill workers to stand up for their rights. Many of the rights women have today are down to their actions. They helped change society's image of women forever.
This book examines how, over the past 300 years or so, women have adapted their work methods, means of subsistence and daily routine to fulfil their dual role as carers and breadwinners. From the industrial revolution, which ended agrarian-based subsistence and meant an exodus towards the cities for many families, to the digital revolution, which redefined the work environment, working hours and even in some cases biological functions, women have succeeded in meeting the challenge of changing work practices, social expectations and economic and family needs. Although women’s work, both past and present, is a much-researched area, this volume sheds new light on the subject by combining the approach of historians, sociologists, and language and culture specialists, and applying it to different countries. Drawing upon original fieldwork and little-known archives, the book will be of interest not only to an academic audience, but to anyone wanting to know more about gender, family, and labour issues across Europe between the 19th and 21st centuries.
This book considers patterns of women's employment in the period 1700-1850. Focusing on the county of Essex, material on the worsted industry, agriculture, fashion trades, service, prostitution, and marriage and family life will shed light on contemporary debates in history such as the sexual division of labour, controversy over continuity or change in women's employment, the importance of ideas of 'separate spheres' and 'domestic ideology', and the overall effects of capitalism on women's employment.