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Edmond Malinvaud This book provides a most welcome survey of what statisticians and economists know about an aspect of production that is difficult to precisely characterize but matters a lot for both its importance on economic performance and its social implications. That such a survey is timely cannot be overemphasized; the point is well argued in the introduction to the book, which shows how discussions of the last decades stressed the importance of capital operating time as an economic variable in a series of distinct but interrelated topics, from growth theory to employment policies. Nowadays still more than ever in the past, production not only requires capital as well as labour but also depends on varied and complex forms of work organization, which tie more or less closely to one another the uses of the two main factors. In industry and services labour needs many pieces of capital for efficient production, some operating permanently others assisting when needed. Many, even among the most modem equipments, cannot well function without constant guidance or control by human labour. The cost of interrupting some industrial processes is so high as to impose continuous operation. The timing for the provision of many services has to be patterned in accordance with the rhythms of activities or requirements of those demanding these services, and so on. This interplay is so complex that its particularities were, and still are most often, fully neglected in statistical information and in economic analysis.
The fifth meeting of the «European Production Study Group» (I) was held in Louvain-la-Neuve in September 1984 under the sponsorship of the European Investment Bank. The present volume reports the procee dings of this conference which was devoted to various aspects of industrial investment in Europe. Particular attention was given to empirical contributions. Part one contains those focusing on the determinants of firms' investment. The Group was also concerned by policy implications (part two), by the role and the specific nature of foreign investment (part three) and by theoretical developments which have clear empirical implications such as the problems of the measurement of capital utilisation and rates of return (part four). 1. The study by D. Weiserbs on industrial investment in the six major states of the Community shows marked differences between countries. Ac cording to his results, demand prospects are the main determinant of in vestment growth. Relative price changes have a quantitatively more modest effect while firms' self financing capacity mainly affects short-run deci sions. However, as pointed out by C. Boyd in his comment, the small number of observations imposes strong limitations in the modelling of the dynamic aspects of investment. The following threee studies provide a more deeper analysis for France, Italy and Belgium respectively.
Monograph comprising an economic analysis of various dimensions in the arrangement of working time and major influences on supply and demand in shift work in the UK industrial sector - includes theoretical and historical background, covers night work, overtime, part time employment, flexible hours of work, fringe benefits, social costs, employment creation effects of work sharing, etc., and comments on the evolution of labour policy and labour legislation provisions. ILO mentioned. Bibliography pp. 249 to 257, and statistical tables.
The New Earnings Survey is probably the most detailed and comprehensive series of statistics on wages produced by any government, but has been little used outside government circles. This book presents and analyzes the data which the survey contains.
This book presents the theory of capital utilization, a discussion of the econometrics of capital utilization, and econometric tests of the theory using international data. Capital utilization, defined as the proportion of time that capital is working productively, is mainly affected by shift-working. Capital utilization is an important economic variable that has received serious attention from economists only since the mid-1960s In the first part, the authors provide a synthesis of current knowledge, combining a consistent statement of existing theory with some major extensions. In the second part, they turn to the econometrics, first discussing the appropriate methodology and then testing the theory on data from several countries. This empirical work is considerably more sophisticated than previous studies on this topic. Having established the theory and tested it, they move on to consider policy, the relationship between capital utilization and economic growth, and the place of shift-work in the dual economy.