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German speaking chambers have existed longer than most of their contemporary institutions in the modern European world, many of which tend to be more high profile and attract more attention. Why is this? What do these disparate and in some cases unique, institutions of occupational interest representation do, what influences do they exert and what influences bear upon them? Are they now necessary for the purposes for which they were designed? Are they essential for the promotion of those whose interests they represent, or are they an extravagance which can no longer be afforded in a changing world? Will they survive the economic and social challenges of the twenty-first century? In answer to these questions this monograph offers a short survey and a comparative, critical analysis of a specific genus of chambers in the countries of Europe, where, till now, they have had a relatively healthy and stable existence. These democratic institutions are examined with respect to their origins, workings, their differential public and private character and their contributions to their respective societies. As a concrete, empirical study, space is devoted to the description and analysis of many of their current problems, including those which relate to their democratic nature. The lesser known chambers of labour and of agriculture are highlighted for function and status and they too are the subject of hypothesis and future development.
The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe discusses new research on this unique organization of towns and traders, and places the findings in the broader context of European economic, legal and social history.