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Since the 1960s, wind tunnel testing has become a commonly used tool in the design of tall buildings. It was pioneered, in large part, during the design of the World Trade Center Towers in New York. Since those early days of wind engineering, wind tunnel testing techniques have developed in sophistication, but these techniques are not widely understood by the designers using the results. As a direct result, the CTBUH Wind Engineering Working Group was formed to develop a concise guide for the non-specialist. The primary goal of this guide is to provide an overview of the wind tunnel testing process for design professionals. This knowledge allows readers to ask the correct questions of their wind engineering consultants throughout the design process. This is not an in-depth guide to the technical intricacies of wind tunnel testing, it focusses instead on the information the design community needs, including: a unique methodology for the presentation of wind tunnel results to allow straightforward comparison of results from different wind tunnel laboratories. advice on when a tall building is likely to be sufficiently sensitive to wind effects to benefit from a wind tunnel test background for assessing whether design codes and standards are applicable details of the types of tests that are commonly conducted descriptions of the fundamentals of wind climate and the interaction of wind and tall buildings This unique book is an essential guide for all designers of tall buildings, and anyone else interested in the process of wind tunnel testing for tall buildings.
Bridging the gap between wind and structural engineering, Wind Loading of Structures is essential reading for practising civil, structural and mechanical engineers, and graduate students of wind engineering, presenting the principles of wind engineering and providing guidance on the successful design of structures for wind loading by gales, hurricanes, typhoons, thunderstorm downdrafts and tornados.
tenant is looming in importance. The owner is having more influence on the building. As Gerald D. Hines has said, there are indications that the desire for more discretionary time will lead to more residential high-rises dose to or in the midst of downtown office buildings. Downtown living could become the desired alternative. Tall buildings will be approached increasingly from the standpoint of an urban ecology - that what happens to apart can influence the whole. Provid ing for public as well as private needs in a tall building project is just one example (facilities for schools, shops, religious, and other needs). More attention will be paid to maintaining streets as lively and interesting places. Will a new "world's tallest" be built? Will we go a mile high? The answer is probably "yes" to the first, "no" to the second. With the recent spate of super-tall buildings on the drawing boards, going to greater heights was in the back of many people's minds at the Chicago conference. But in the U nited States, at least, buildings of 70 to 80 stories would appear to provide needed space consistent with economy. The future, then, is described in depth by papers that go into specific areas.
An up-to-date, self-contained introduction to a state-of-the-art machine learning approach, Ensemble Methods: Foundations and Algorithms shows how these accurate methods are used in real-world tasks. It gives you the necessary groundwork to carry out further research in this evolving field. After presenting background and terminology, the book covers the main algorithms and theories, including Boosting, Bagging, Random Forest, averaging and voting schemes, the Stacking method, mixture of experts, and diversity measures. It also discusses multiclass extension, noise tolerance, error-ambiguity and bias-variance decompositions, and recent progress in information theoretic diversity. Moving on to more advanced topics, the author explains how to achieve better performance through ensemble pruning and how to generate better clustering results by combining multiple clusterings. In addition, he describes developments of ensemble methods in semi-supervised learning, active learning, cost-sensitive learning, class-imbalance learning, and comprehensibility enhancement.
This book comprises select peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference on Emerging Research in Civil, Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering (ERCAM-2019). The contents focus on the latest research trends in engineering materials, mechanics, structures and systems. A wide variety of interesting problems in civil, aeronautical and mechanical engineering have been addressed in this book through various experimental, numerical and analytical methods. The topics covered also provide insight into the challenges prevailing in the aforementioned engineering domains and the potential solutions to address those. Given the contents, the book is a valuable resource for students as well as researchers.
The structural challenges of building 800 metres into the sky are substantial, and include several factors which do not affect low-rise construction. This book focusses on these areas specifically to provide the architectural and structural knowledge which must be taken into account in order to design tall buildings successfully. In presenting examples of steel, reinforced concrete, and composite structural systems for such buildings, it is shown that wind load has a very important effect on the architectural and structural design. The aerodynamic approach to tall buildings is considered in this context, as is earthquake induced lateral loading. Case studies of some of the world’s most iconic buildings, illustrated with full colour photographs, structural plans and axonometrics, will bring to life the design challenges which they presented to architects and structural engineers. The Empire State Building, the Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101 and the HSB Turning Torso are just a few examples of the buildings whose real-life specifications are used to explain and illustrate core design principles, and their subsequent effect on the finished structure.