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A review of published literature and field evaluations revealed the presence of over 3500 waste treatment lagoons currently in operation in the United States. The three types of lagoons in use include: Oxidation lagoons; Aerated lagoons; and Anaerobic lagoons. Oxidation lagoons depend upon algae to supply oxygen by photosynthesis and degrade the waste products. Effluent quality is determined by the quantity of algae in the effluent and several methods of algae removal are currently under investigation. Aerated lagoons may be merely oxidation ponds with supplemental aeration, partially mixed activated sludge (facultative aerated) or complete mix activated sludge (CMAS) systems. Anaerobic lagoons can provide up to 80% BOD removals, but must be followed by some type of aerobic treatment to produce a high quality effluent. The review has demonstrated that lagoons do have applicability to the total waste treatment problem.
Affordable and effective domestic wastewater treatment is a critical issue in public health and disease prevention around the world, particularly so in developing countries which often lack the financial and technical resources necessary for proper treatment facilities. This practical guide provides state-of-the-art coverage of methods for domestic wastewater treatment and provides a foundation to the practical design of wastewater treatment and re-use systems. The emphasis is on low-cost, low-energy, low-maintenance, high-performance 'natural' systems that contribute to environmental sustainability by producing effluents that can be safely and profitably used in agriculture for crop irrigation and/or in aquaculture, for fish and aquatic vegetable pond fertilization. Modern design methodologies, with worked design examples, are described for waste stabilization ponds, wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs; constructed wetlands, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, biofilters, aerated lagoons and oxidation ditches. This book is essential reading for engineers, academics and upper-level and graduate students in engineering, wastewater management and public health, and others interested in sustainable and cost-effective technologies for reducing wastewater-related diseases and environmental damage.