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Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Data at Normal Pressures presents the direct experimental data of a set of selected systems and correlates the data with the aid of equations expressing the dependence of the activity coefficients or separation functions on the composition of the liquid phase. In the last columns of the tables, the deviations of the calculated from the direct experimental data are presented which give information on the quality of the data and on the flexibility of the correlation relations used. The text also describes the correlation of data in two-, three-, four-, and more than four-component systems.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium, Second Edition covers the theoretical principles and methods of calculation of equilibrium conditions from various experimental data and the elements of measuring technique, as well as the instruments for the direct determination of the equilibrium compositions of the liquid and vapor phases of the system. The book discusses the relations necessary for the thermodynamic treatment of the equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phase of a system; the concept of an ideal solution and auxiliary thermodynamic functions; and the activity and the activity coefficient. The text also describes vapor-liquid equilibrium in real systems (electrolytes and non-electrolytes) and in systems whose components (i.e. temperature, pressure, and composition of phases) mutually react according to several stoichiometric equations. The criteria of purity of substances and the methods of measuring temperature; low, medium, and high pressures; the pressures of the saturated vapors at given temperatures; and the boiling points at given pressures used in laboratory work in the field of vapor-liquid equilibrium are considered. The book also tackles the methods for the direct determination of equilibrium data (distillation, circulation, static, dew and bubble point, and flow methods). The text concludes with a review of the literature on the systems whose vapor-liquid equilibrium data had been measured and reported to the beginning of 1954. Workers in the chemical industry who deal with problems of distillation and rectification will find the book useful.
A timely treatment of distillationcombining steady-state designand dynamic controllability As the world continues to seek new sources of energy, the distillation process remains one of the most important separation methods in the chemical, petroleum, and energy industries. And as new renewable sources of energy and chemical feedstocks become more universally utilized, the issues of distillation design and control will remain vital to a future sustainable lifestyle. Distillation Design and Control Using Aspen Simulation introduces the current status and future implications of this vital technology from the dual perspectives of steady-state design and dynamics. Where traditional design texts have focused mainly on the steady-state economic aspects of distillation design, William Luyben also addresses such issues as dynamic performance in the face of disturbances. Utilizing the commercial simulators Aspen Plus and Aspen Dynamics, the text guides future and practicing chemical engineers first in the development of optimal steady-state designs of distillation systems, and then in the development of effective control structures. Unique features of the text include: * In-depth coverage of the dynamics of column design to help develop effective control structures for distillation columns * Development of rigorous simulations of single distillation columns and sequences of columns * Coverage of design and control of petroleum fractionators Encompassing nearly four decades of research and practical developments in this dynamic field, the text represents an important reference for both students and experienced engineers faced with distillation problems.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using UNIFAC: A Group-Contribution Method focuses on the UNIFAC group-contribution method used in predicting quantitative information on the phase equilibria during separation by estimating activity coefficients. Drawing on tested vapor-liquid equilibrium data on which UNIFAC is based, it demonstrates through examples how the method may be used in practical engineering design calculations. Divided into nine chapters, this volume begins with a discussion of vapor and liquid phase nonidealities and how they are calculated in terms of fugacity and activity coefficients, respectively. It then introduces the reader to the UNIFAC method and how it works, the procedure used in establishing the parameters needed for the model, prediction of binary and multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria for a large number of systems, the potential of UNIFAC for predicting liquid-liquid equilibria, and how UNIFAC can be used to solve practical distillation design problems. This book will benefit process design engineers who want to reliably predict phase equilibria for designing distillation columns and other separation processes.
The last two decades have seen a phenomenal growth of the field of genetic or biochemical engineering and have witnessed the development and ultimately marketing of a variety of products-typically through the manipulation and growth of different types of microorganisms, followed by the recovery and purification of the associated products. The engineers and biotechnologists who are involved in the full-scale process design of such facilities must be familiar with the variety of unit operations and equipment and the applicable regulatory requirements. This book describes current commercial practice and will be useful to those engineers working in this field in the design, construction and operation of pharmaceutical and biotechnology plants. It will be of help to the chemical or pharmaceutical engineer who is developing a plant design and who faces issues such as: Should the process be batch or continuous or a combination of batch and continuous? How should the optimum process design be developed? Should one employ a new revolutionary separation which could be potentially difficult to validate or use accepted technology which involves less risk? Should the process be run with ingredients formulated from water for injection, deionized water, or even filtered tap water? Should any of the separations be run in cold rooms or in glycol jacketed lines to minimize microbial growth where sterilization is not possible? Should the process equipment and lines be designed to be sterilized in-place, cleaned-in-place, or should every piece be broken down, cleaned and autoclaved after every turn?
Applied Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics provides the undergraduate and graduate student of chemical engineering with the basic knowledge, the methodology and the references he needs to apply it in industrial practice. Thus, in addition to the classical topics of the laws of thermodynamics,pure component and mixture thermodynamic properties as well as phase and chemical equilibria the reader will find: - history of thermodynamics - energy conservation - internmolecular forces and molecular thermodynamics - cubic equations of state - statistical mechanics. A great number of calculated problems with solutions and an appendix with numerous tables of numbers of practical importance are extremely helpful for applied calculations. The computer programs on the included disk help the student to become familiar with the typical methods used in industry for volumetric and vapor-liquid equilibria calculations.
This book presents the latest achievements of separation science and technology. It highlights the application of separation with regard to problems of current interest, such as the protection of the environment and the development of emerging technology, including chemical engineering, biotechnology, renewable energy sources and recycling of materials.