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Military forces are utterly reliant and irretrievably wed to the electromagnetic spectrum. Unfettered use of the electromagnetic spectrum is a critical requirement in generating and applying combat power in 21st century across all of the warfighting functions. U.S. military operations within the electromagnetic spectrum and the resultant benefit and strength for American forces are in jeopardy. As our demands on the spectrum expand and our enemies' abilities to utilize the spectrum increase, our ability to continue to coordinate activities within the spectrum is growing more and more problematic. Past programs of frequency deconfliction as the primary means for coordination are insufficient in an environment that requires maximum efficiency in the use of the spectrum. Additionally, civilian thirst for spectrum usage has led to portions previously reserved solely for military operations being auctioned to commercial enterprise. Furthermore, Electronic Warfare (EW) efforts regarding the spectrum are generally uncoordinated either at the tactical or the operational level, and have consequential second and third order effects. Finally, long inattention to EW and frequency management competencies has left forces vulnerable within the electromagnetic battlespace.
This publication, “Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Operations (Joint Publication 6-01),” provides doctrine for joint electromagnetic spectrum management operations organization, planning, preparation, execution, and assessment in support of joint operations. Military operations are complicated by increasingly complex demands on the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). All modern forces depend on the EMS. The EMS is a physical medium through which joint forces conduct operations. The importance of the EMS and its relationship to the operational capabilities is the key focus of joint electromagnetic spectrum management operations (JEMSMO). The EMS is a highly regulated and saturated natural resource. The EMS includes the full range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Joint electromagnetic spectrum operations (JEMSO) include all activities in military operations to successfully plan and execute joint or multinational operations in order to control the electromagnetic operational environment (EMOE). JEMSO is comprised of electronic warfare (EW) and JEMSMO and aims to exploit, attack, protect, and manage resources within the EMOE and resolve electromagnetic interference (EMI) in order to achieve the commander's objectives. JEMSMO is planning, coordinating, and managing joint use of the EMS through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures. The primary goal of JEMSMO is to enable EMS-dependent capabilities and systems to perform their functions in the intended environment without causing or suffering unacceptable interference. This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective.
Air Force Doctrine Annex 3-51 Electromagnetic Warfare and Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations July 2019. Electromagnetic warfare (EW) is waged to secure and maintain freedom of action in the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). Military forces and other entities are dependent on the EMS to sense, communicate, strike, and dominate offensively and defensively across all warfighting domains. EW is essential for protecting friendly operations and denying adversary operations within the EMS."The term EW refers to military action involving the use of electromagnetic (EM) energy and directed energy (DE) to control the EMS or to attack the enemy". This is not limited to radio or radar frequencies but includes infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet, and any other free-space electromagnetic radiation such as wireless cyberspace applications. EW is critical in gaining freedom of action within contested and congested environments. EW consists of three divisions: electromagnetic attack (EA), electromagnetic warfare support (ES), and electromagnetic protection (EP). All three contribute to operational success across the operational environment. Proper employment of EW capabilities produces the effects of detection, denial, deception, disruption, degradation, exploitation, destruction, and protection. Capabilities inherent in the EW divisions can be used for both offensive and defensive purposes and are coordinated through electromagnetic battle management (EMBM).
"High-end electronics technology that was once available only to defense system developers in a few large countries is today available worldwide and can be utilized by both large and small actors for electronic warfare (EW) capabilities. To address this situation, the Defense Science Board performed a year-long investigation of the ability to conduct U.S. military operations in a complex and congested electromagnetic environment. The study examined four operational support capabilities common to most military mission areas -- tactical communications; satellite communications; positioning, navigation and timing (PNT); and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR). Three representative mission areas were also examined -- tactical air combat, fleet defense, and ground warfare. Without exception, the ability to perform required functions and conduct required operations was seriously lacking in all seven areas in all but relatively benign EMS environments ... The study recommends several actions intended to mitigate the most critical deficiencies and vulnerabilities within the seven specific areas investigated. It is likely that looking at a more extensive set of mission and capability areas would have revealed similar issues in each. While addressing the individual deficiencies uncovered is important, the study also uncovered a number of foundational needs and strategies that underpin many areas of EW. Further recommendations treat these more ubiquitous deficiencies in three separate areas: 1) the need to manage use of the electromagnetic spectrum far better and more dynamically than today; 2) the need to adapt to EW-related events, either in terms of mitigating problems or taking advantage of opportunities, far faster than can currently be done; and 3) the need to shift more to offense because responding to every problem defensively will never get ahead of the adversary and is bound to be unaffordable. Lastly, the study found that the U.S. EW governance has largely atrophied since the fall of the Former Soviet Union in the mistaken belief that the threat has gone away or is not as serious as it once was ... The study offers an modest organizational recommendation to revitalize the DoD EW enterprise to meet 21st century needs"--Page 1.
According to the DOD, the U.S. military's access to and use of the electromagnetic spectrum is facing rapidly evolving challenges and increased vulnerabilities due to the increasing quality and availability of electronic warfare capabilities to both state and non-state actors. Also, DOD has reported that electronic warfare capabilities, which play a critical and potentially growing role as an enabler for military operations, are currently stressed and will remain so in the future. Moreover, near-peer competitors, primarily Russia and China, have fully recognized the critical nature of electromagnetic spectrum control in military operations and cyperspace operations, which includes computer network operations. This book examines select assessments of military capabilities and strategies with regard to electronic warfare, with a focus on management and oversight, as well as airborne electronic attacks.
This book, Space Capstone Publication Spacepower: Doctrine for Space Forces, is capstone doctrine for the United States Space Force and represents our Service's first articulation of an independent theory of spacepower. This publication answers why spacepower is vital for our Nation, how military spacepower is employed, who military space forces are, and what military space forces value. In short, this capstone document is the foundation of our professional body of knowledge as we forge an independent military Service committed to space operations. Like all doctrine, the SCP remains subject to the policies and strategies that govern its employment. Military spacepower has deterrent and coercive capacities - it provides independent options for National and Joint leadership but achieves its greatest potential when integrated with other forms of military power. As we grow spacepower theory and doctrine, we must do so in a way that fosters greater integration with the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. It is only by achieving true integration and interdependence that we can hope to unlock spacepower's full potential.
This manual provides guidance for the organization, planning, and conduct of the full range of military operations on urbanized terrain. This publication was prepared primarily for commanders, staffs, and subordinate leaders down to the squad and fire team level. It is written from a Marine air-ground task force perspective, with emphasis on the ground combat element as the most likely supported element in that environment. It provides the level of detailed information that supports the complexities of planning, preparing for, and executing small-unit combat operations on urbanized terrain. It also provides historical and environmental information that supports planning and training for combat in built-up areas
This field manual establishes doctrine for military operations in a counterinsurgency (COIN) environment. It is based on lessons learned from previous counterinsurgencies and contemporary operations. It is also based on existing interim doctrine and doctrine recently developed. Counterinsurgency operations generally have been neglected in broader American military doctrine and national security policies since the end of the Vietnam War over 40 years ago. This manual is designed to reverse that trend. It is also designed to merge traditional approaches to COIN with the realities of a new international arena shaped by technological advances, globalization, and the spread of extremist ideologies--some of them claiming the authority of a religious faith. This is a comprehensive manual that details every aspect of a successful COIN operation from intelligence to leadership to diplomacy. It also includes several useful appendices that provide important supplementary material.
Through extensive primary source analysis and independent analysis, this report seeks to answer a number of important questions regarding the state of China’s armed forces. The authors found that the PLA is keenly aware of its many weaknesses and is vigorously striving to correct them. Although it is only natural to focus on the PLA’s growing capabilities, understanding the PLA’s weaknesses—and its self-assessments—is no less important.