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Pelagic sharks are both ecologically and economically valuable as top predators and fishery targets respectively. Their highly migratory nature and cryptic life histories make them logistically difficult to study. Despite their frequent interaction with various global fisheries, they are are difficult to effectively manage. Understanding population connectivity across their cosmopolitan distributions, makes international management more likely. Population genetics is a powerful to address questions of functional population connectivity. Allele frequencies can identify interbreeding population segments, but cannot directly identify individual movement. Tagging, on the other hand, monitors the movement of individuals, but is limited in inference by the number of tags applied. Together, using both molecular tools and tag analyses can provide valuable insight into the ecology of traditionally data-poor species. Two of the shark species most impacted by international fisheries are the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the common thresher (Alopias vulpinus). In the first chapter of this dissertation, I developed and optimized nuclear microsatellite loci for both mako and thresher sharks. I then used these loci to test for polyandry in a litter of thresher pups. I developed and optimized 11 novel microsatellite loci for use on shortfin mako shark. I also developed and optimized six novel microsatellite loci and successfully cross screened two mako loci for use on common thresher shark. The analysis of a single litter of thresher pups indicates that polyandry is likely in this pelagic shark. The second chapter focuses on understanding mako population connectivity for makos across the US/Mexico border in the Southern California Bight. To address this question, I use the newly described microsatellite loci and both conventional and archival tag data. Microsatellite analysis across the US/Mexico border indicates that makos in the region comprise a single genetic unit, and both conventional and SPOT tag results corroborate that finding. Temporal effective population size analysis indicates that the Southern California Bight supports a robust and diverse population of mako sharks. My third chapter looks at mako population connectivity across the entire Pacific Ocean using a combination of nuclear and mitochondrial loci supported by tag analyses. On a larger spatial scale, shortfin mako exhibit barriers to mitochondrial gene flow across the equator and east to west across the south Pacific. Nuclear microsatellites, on the other hand, do not show evidence of spatial structuring with the Pacific Ocean basin. This indicates that makos exhibit gender mediated dispersal on oceanic scales. This pattern is weakly supported by tag recapture analysis.
Over the last decade, the study of shark biology has benefited from the development, refinement, and rapid expansion of novel techniques and advances in technology. These have given new insight into the fields of shark genetics, feeding, foraging, bioenergetics, imaging, age and growth, movement, migration, habitat preference, and habitat use. This pioneering book, written by experts in shark biology, examines technologies such as autonomous vehicle tracking, underwater video approaches, molecular genetics techniques, and accelerometry, among many others. Each detailed chapter offers new insights and promises for future studies of elasmobranch biology, provides an overview of appropriate uses of each technique, and can be readily extended to other aquatic fish and marine mammals and reptiles. Including chapter authors who were pioneers in developing some of the technologies discussed in the book, this book serves as the first single-source reference with in-depth coverage of techniques appropriate for the laboratory and field study of sharks, skates, and rays. It concludes with a unique section on Citizen Science and its application to studies of shark biology. This is a must-read for any marine biologist or scientist working in the field of shark biology, as well as marine biology students and graduates.
Since the award-winning first volume, The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, published in 2004, the field has witnessed tremendous developments in research, rapid advances in technology, and the emergence of new investigators beginning to explore issues of biodiversity, distribution, physiology, and ecology in ways that eluded more traditional
This important and exciting title represents the first authoritative volume focussed on pelagic (open ocean) sharks as a group. Virtually every pelagic shark expert in the world has contributed to this landmark publication which includes the latest data and knowledge on pelagic shark biology, fisheries, management, and conservation. Pelagic sharks face unprecedented levels of exploitation in all the world's oceans through both direct fisheries and by-catch, and effective management for these species is contingent upon solid science and data, which this book brings together for the first time. All those involved in shark biology will need to have a copy of this book.
This book focuses on how marine systems respond to natural and anthropogenic perturbations (ENSO, overfishing, pollution, tourism, invasive species, climate-change). Authors explain in their chapters how this information can guide management and conservation actions to help orient and better manage, restore and sustain the ecosystems services and goods that are derived from the ocean, while considering the complex issues that affect the delicate nature of the Islands. This book will contribute to a new understanding of the Galapagos Islands and marine ecosystems.​
The Darwin Elasmobranch Biodiversity Conservation and Management project in Sabah held a three-day international seminar that included a one-day workshop in order to highlight freshwater and coastal elasmobranch conservation issues in the region and worldwide, to disseminate the result of the project to other Malaysian states and countries, and to raise awareness of the importance of considering aspects of elasmobranch biodiversity in the context of nature conservation, commercial fisheries management, and for subsistence fishing communities. These proceedings contain numerous peer-reviewed papers originally presented at the seminar, which cover a wide range of topics, with particular reference to species from freshwater and estuarine habitats. The workshop served to develop recommendations concerning the future prospects of elasmobranch fisheries, biodiversity, conservation and management. This paper records those conclusions, which highlight the importance of elasmobranchs as top marine predators and keystone species, noting that permanent damage to shark and ray populations are likely to have serious and unexpected negative consequences for commercial and subsistence yields of other important fish stocks.
Inspired by the International White Shark Symposium in 2010, Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark incorporates the most important contemporary research findings into a single peer-reviewed book. This beautifully illustrated reference represents a historic change in the context of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) research. Once considered one of the most poorly understood and difficult sharks to study, this timely book recognizes a new sophisticated focus on the White Shark, raising its status from obscurity to enlightenment. The Global Perspectives on the Biology and Life History of the White Shark celebrates the White Shark as the most studied shark in the sea. Within the chapters one can find new insights into a vast range of topics, such as behavior, physiology, migration patterns, habitat preferences, daily activity patterns, molecular genetics, reproductive biology and new research methods. The book also delves into population monitoring and policy options for managers and researchers.
The Mediterranean Sea is considered the most threatened sea on Earth. This book presents a scientific look at the past, present and future changes occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, this book also gives a background description of the geology, physical oceanography, marine chemistry and marine biology of the Mediterranean Sea. It provides an up-to-date summary of the human (anthropogenic) factors affecting the Mediterranean marine environment, as well as an estimate of the future of the Mediterranean Sea as related to local and global changes, with an emphasis on climate change.
Males and females of many species can, and do, live separately for long periods of time. This sexual segregation is widespread and can be on social, spatial or habitat scales. An understanding of sexual segregation is important in the explanation of life history and social preference, population dynamics and the conservation of rare species. Sexual Segregation in Vertebrates explores the reasons why this behaviour has evolved and what factors contribute to it.