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The development of radioimmunoassay (RIA) by R.S. Yalow and S.A. Berson in 1959 opens up a new avenue in ultra sensitive analysis of trace substances in complex biological systems. In recognition of the enormous contributions of RIA to basic research in biology and to routine clinical tests in laboratory medicine, R.S. Yalow, the co-developer of RIA, was awarded, in 1977, the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology. The basic principle of RIA is elegantly simple. It is based on a specific, competitive binding reaction between the analyte and the radio-labeled analog of the analyte for the specific antibody raised to the analyte. The combination of high specificity and affinity of an antibody molecule makes it a very versatile analytical reagent capable of reacting specifically with analytes at a very low concentration in a complex solution such as serum. The sensitivity of RIA is provided by using a radioactive tracer.
Immunosensors are widely used and are particularly important for fast diagnosis of diseases in remote environments as well as point-of-care devices. In this book, expert scientists are covering a selection of high quality representative examples from the past five years explaining how this area has developed. It is a compilation of recent advances in several areas of immunosensors for multiple target analysis using laboratory based or point-of-care set-up, for example graphene-, ISFET- and nanostructure-based immunosensors, electrochemical magneto immunosensors and nanoimprinted immunosensors. Filling a gap in the literature, it showcases the multidisciplinary, innovative developments in this highly important area and provides pointers towards commercialisation. Delivering a single, comprehensive work, it appeals to graduate students and professional researchers across academia and industry.
Immunoassay techniques have become essential in various fields of pure and applied research. This volume of the well known Laboratory Techniques series will be of assistance to those who have plans or are making efforts to develop ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassays for antigens and antibodies. The volume describes factors limiting the sensitivity of noncompetitive solid phase enzyme immunoassays, methods to overcome difficulties limiting sensitivities, methods to perform ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassays as rapidly as possible, and protocols of enzyme labeling and enzyme assays as well as ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassays. Ultrasensitive and Rapid Enzyme Immunoassay, with its clear presentation and up-to-date information, will be essential to scientists in pharmaceutical companies and in applied research.
This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Electrochemical Immunosensors and Aptasensors" that was published in Chemosensors
Nowadays, the implementation of novel technological platforms in biosensor-based developments is primarily directed to the miniaturization of analytical systems and lowering the limits of detection. Rapid scientific and technological progress enables the application of biosensors for the online detection of minute concentrations of different chemical compounds in a wide selection of matrixes and monitoring extremely low levels of biomarkers even in living organisms and individual cells. This book, including 16 chapters, characterizes the present state of the art and prospective options for micro and nanoscale activities in biosensors construction and applications.
Handbook of Immunoassay Technologies: Approaches, Performances, and Applications unravels the role of immunoassays in the biochemical sciences. During the last four decades, a wide range of immunoassays has been developed, ranging from the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, to the smartphone-based point-of-care formats. The advances in rapid biochemical procedures, novel biosensing schemes, fully integrated lab-on-a-chip platforms, prolonged biomolecular storage strategies, device miniaturization and interfacing, and emerging smart system technologies equipped with personalized mobile healthcare tools are paving the way to next-generation immunoassays, and are all discussed in this comprehensive text. Immunoassays play a prominent role in clinical diagnostics as they are the eyes of healthcare professionals, helping them make informed clinical decisions via confirmed disease diagnosis, and thus enabling favorable health outcomes. The faster and reliable diagnosis of infections will further control their spread to uninfected persons. Similarly, immunoassays play a prominent role in veterinary diagnostics, food analysis, environmental monitoring, defense and security, and other bioanalytical settings. Therefore, they enable the detection of a plethora of analytes, which includes disease biomarkers, pathogens, drug impurities, environmental contaminants, allergens, food adulterants, drugs of abuse and various biomolecules. Provides a valuable increase of understanding of cellular and biomedical functions Gives the most updated resource in the field of immunoassays, providing the comprehensive details of various types of immunoassays that need to be performed in healthcare, and in industrial, environmental and other biochemical settings Discusses all multifarious aspects of immunoassays Describes the immunoassay formats, along with their principle of operation, characteristics, pros and cons, and potential biochemical and bioanalytical applications Provides extensive knowledge and guided insights as detailed by experienced, renowned experts and key opinion makers in the field of immunoassays
Immunosensing for Detection of Protein Biomarkers not only introduces the principles, methods, and classification of immunoassay, but also presents the latest achievements in areas such as electrochemical immunosensors, nanoprobe-based immunoassay, chemiluminescence immunoassay, electrochemiluminescent immunoassay, multianalyte immunoassay, optical imaging for immunoassay, signal amplification for immunoassay, and so on. In recent years, immunosensing and immunoassay methods have attracted considerable interest due to their applications in different fields, particularly clinical diagnosis. Although a large number of academic papers in immunosensing and immunoassay have been published in different journals recently, it is still a difficult and time-consuming task for researchers, especially those new to the area, to understand the principles, methods, and research progress of immunosensing. Based on the research experience of the authors and their research groups, this book offers readers with new research ideas to develop immunosensing methodology. As a monograph, it offers deeper and more complete coverage than review papers, which only report certain aspects of progress. Grounded in the research experience of Professor Ju’s research group, the book focuses on immunosensing for detection of protein biomarkers, summarizing understanding, research, and practice on immunosensing methodology in detection of protein biomarkers. Presents the latest research and thinking on immunosensing for detection of protein biomarkers Offers current techniques, and looks to the development of new methodologies Offers the latest developments in various aspects of immunosensing, including electrochemiluminescent immunoassay, multianalyte immunoassay, optical imaging immunoassay, and signal amplification immunoassay Offers readers new ideas to research and develop immunosensing methodologies for the future
There is a need for sensors that provide direct, real-time measurements to detect and diagnose toxins in biological samples. We evaluated and developed a new biosensor design that combines advantages of immunoassay with electrochemical response for this purpose. The technology permits developing small toxin measuring devices for field use that are sensitive, specific and reliable. The specific objective of the Phase I work was to prove the principle of electrochemical enzyme immunosensors to detect small molecules in biological samples. In order to achieve the objective of the Phase I research the following work was carried out. Glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were immobilized on colloidal gold. Colloidal gold-enzyme (Aurozyme) was deposited on two different electrode materials. A ferrocene-DNP conjugate was synthesized. Anti-DNP antibody was incorporated into the sensor. The completed sensor was optimized and demonstrated the immunochemical detection of antigen. The results of this work are demonstration of an amperometric enzyme immunoelectrode for immunoassays of small chemical molecules, based on the principle of coupling the immunochemical reaction to the electrode response by using a soluble electrochemically active mediator. Toxin detection; Electrochemical; Enzyme immunoassay; Biosensor; Biological sample.