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The central controversy running through this book is whether Mrs Thatcher's famous 'green' speeches of 1988 marked a fundamental shift by the Conservative Government towards environmentalism, or whether they were merely political rhetoric, designed to rule out a temporary surge of popular support for the Green Party. The conclusion arrived at is mixed: in some policy areas a definite shift has occurred, but in others it is 'business as usual'. An overall change of gear is still awaited.
An updated investigation of alternate pathways for American environmental policymaking made necessary by legislative gridlock. The “golden era” of American environmental lawmaking in the 1960s and 1970s saw twenty-two pieces of major environmental legislation (including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act) passed by bipartisan majorities in Congress and signed into law by presidents of both parties. But since then partisanship, the dramatic movement of Republicans to the right, and political brinksmanship have led to legislative gridlock on environmental issues. In this book, Christopher Klyza and David Sousa argue that the longstanding legislative stalemate at the national level has forced environmental policymaking onto other pathways. Klyza and Sousa identify and analyze five alternative policy paths, which they illustrate with case studies from 1990 to the present: “appropriations politics” in Congress; executive authority; the role of the courts; “next-generation” collaborative experiments; and policymaking at the state and local levels. This updated edition features a new chapter discussing environmental policy developments from 2006 to 2012, including intensifying partisanship on the environment, the failure of Congress to pass climate legislation, the ramifications of Massachusetts v. EPA, and other Obama administration executive actions (some of which have reversed Bush administration executive actions). Yet, they argue, despite legislative gridlock, the legacy of 1960s and 1970s policies has created an enduring “green state” rooted in statutes, bureaucratic routines, and public expectations.
Environmental Laws and Their Enforcement is a component of Encyclopedia of Social Sciences and Humanities in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The volume on Environmental Laws and Their Enforcement deals, in two volumes , with a myriad of issues of great relevance to our world such as: Sustainable Development and National Governance; History of Environmental Law; International Environmental Law; Constitutional Law; International Binding Mechanisms; Laws Governing Freshwater and Ground Water Pollution; Forestry; Biodiversity Conservation and Endangered Species Protection; International Guidelines and Principles; Compliance Models for Enforcement of Environmental Laws And Regulations; International Environmental Law; Life Support Systems: Law and Policy; The Principle of Sustainable Development in International Development Law; Environmental Pollution Regulations; Social Concerns for Environmental Exposures to Toxic Substances; Regulation of Air and Pollutants. These volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers and NGOs.
Integrating environmental policies into the policies of all other sectors is the core European environmental policy. But there has been no thorough investigation of the political process involved. This volume provides the first. It analyses the process of policy integration - the greening of public policy - across the relevant sectors and countries. It finds significant variation from sector to sector and from country to country, and analyses the reasons for this. (Surprisingly the UK, traditionally the 'dirty man' of Europe is far more actively engaged than environmental 'progressives' such as Germany.) It identifies the obstacles to integration and offers solutions for policy formulation, decision making and implementation at the relevant political levels.
This is the first book to attempt a systematic comparison of Japanese and British climate policy and politics, and is now available in paperback. Focusing on institutional contrasts between Japan and Britain in terms of corporatist or pluralist characteristics of government-industry relations and decision-making and implementation styles, the book examines how and to what extent institutions explain climate policy in Japan and Britain. In doing this, the book explores how climate policy is shaped by the interplay of nationally specific institutional factors and universal constraints on actors, which emanate from characteristics of the global warming problem itself. It also considers how corporatist institutional characteristics may make a difference in attaining sustainable development. Overall this book provides a new set of comparisons of climate policy and new frameworks of analysis, which could be built on in future research on cross-national climate policy analysis.
Comparative analyses of environmental policy and politics in seven major industrialized nations.
This title was first published in 2001. Outlining the results of a three-country study, this text examines the impact of EU policy on the domestic, political and institutional environment. It tests ideas about new forms of governance that reflect the values of participation and empowerment of local interests, particularly through a close scrutiny of the environmental impact process. The book also analyzes the responses of the business sector in three countries - Germany, Greece and Great Britain - to the introduction of a voluntary environmental management system, the eco-management and audit scheme.
Central Debates in British Politics focuses on British politics in a changing social, economic and institutional context. The book explores issues and debates using a variety of approaches and techniques. It is written and edited by a team of leading experts who analyse key issues in a highly structured and thematic manner.
Environmental Toxicology and Human Health is a component of Encyclopedia of Environmental and Ecological Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of chemicals on biological systems. Humans, animals, and plants are increasingly being exposed to chemicals in the environment. The ever-increasing use of chemicals in industries has also resulted in further pollution of the environment. As toxic chemicals are widespread in the environment, there is a potential for these chemicals to cause significant damage and harmful effects on human health. The volume on Environmental Toxicology and Human Health discusses matters of great relevance to our world such as: Environmental Toxicology and Human Health; Health Effects from Exposure to Acute Levels of Industrial Chemicals; Health Effects from Exposure to Chronic Levels of Industrial Chemicals; Control Strategies; Pediatric Lead Poisoning of Residential Origin; Insecticides; Herbicides; Rodenticides; Virus-Induced Diseases; Fungus and Actinomycete-Induced Diseases; Sportfish Consumption: Socio-Cultural and Economic Aspects, Ethnicity and Effectiveness of Health Advisories; Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Residential Indoor Air Quality and Human Health; Social Concerns for Environmental Exposures to Toxic Substances; Environmental Justice as a Component of Environmental Decision-Making; Minamata Disease in Japan; Mercury-Contaminated Grain in Iraq; Case Study of Air Pollution Episodes in Meuse Valley of Belgium, Donora of Pennsylvania, and London, U.K.; Case Study of the Bhopal Incident; Case Study of Lyme Disease; Case History: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Zaire, 1995; Case Studies of Anthrax Outbreaks; Case Study of Health Effects of Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water . These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers, NGOs and GOs.
This book explains why national conflicts have arisen and how they are resolved at EU level by focusing on the Europeanisation of air and water pollution control.