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The concept of traffic conflict was initiated in the Uni ted States in the 60s and raised a lot of interest in many countries : it was an opening towards the develop ment of a new tool for safety evaluation and the diagnosis of local safety pro blems. The need for such a tool was great, because of the many situations where accident data was either scarce, unsatisfactory or unavailable. Development of Traffic Conflict Techniques (TCT) started simultaneously in the 70s in several European count ries and new studies were also undertaken in the Uni ted States, Canada and Israel. The need for international cooperation was rapidly feIt, in order to exchange data, compare definitions and check progresses. An Association for International Cooperation on Traffic Conflict Techniques (ICTCT) was therefore created, grouping researchers and safety administrators, with the aim of promoting and organising exchange of information and common practical work. Three Traffic Conflict Techniques Workshops were organised, in Oslo (1977), Paris (1979) and Leidschendam (1982). A small scale international experiment of calibra tion of TCTs was also carried out in Rouen, France, in 1979, and five teams took part in it from France, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States; results of this first experiment were used as a basis for the present enterprise. To be acknowledged as a safety measuring tool, traffic conflict techniques had to be validated in relation to traditional safety indicators such as injury-accidents.
This book, first published in 1985, explores the ways in which the editors and contributors predicted the urban system, shaped by emerging technologies, would look like, both nationally and internationally. The technological changes covered include automation in the secondary sector, the effects of energy price rises and threats of shortage, and substitution effects in the energy and vehicle technology areas. Social and economic factors discussed include unemployment patterns, urban activities and lifestyles and their interactions. This title will be of interest to students of urban studies.
Environmental Noise and Management Selma Kurra, Istanbul Technical University and dBKES Engineering Ltd, Turkey A comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution from the standpoint of environmental impact and control Environmental noise is studied, regulated and monitored by many governments and institutions, as well as forming the basis for a number of different occupations due to the adverse effects of noise exposure. Environmental Noise and Management provides a comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution. The book begins by covering the fundamentals of noise and acoustics, major noise sources and prediction and evaluation techniques. Developments in noise measuring techniques, and mapping and improvement of legislation to control noise pollution are then discussed, and international regulations are presented. Technological advances and recent developments regarding strategy and action plans are also covered in depth. Key features: Summarizes the relevant international standards covering noise pollution and environmental engineering practice. Presents technological advances and recent developments regarding strategy and action plans. Covers developments in noise measuring techniques, prediction models, mapping and improvement of legislation to control noise pollution. Environmental Noise and Management is a comprehensive resource for researchers and graduate students who are involved in noise pollution from the standpoint of environmental impact and control.
The construction industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to adopt a holistic approach to the design, building, and disposal of structures. With 60 per cent of the total construction budget in most developed countries being spent on repair and maintenance, there is an obvious need to design for reliability and durability, with more carefully planned maintenance and repair schedules. One important facet is to look at how costs are distributed and spent during the lifetime of a structure: an approach known as life cycle costing, which has the ultimate aim of minimising total lifetime expenditure. As an example, choosing an inexpensive coating for steelwork may require maintenance every three years, whereas a coating which is more expensive may require repairing only once per decade. It is a question of balance - taking the lifetime costs of the structure into consideration. This new book provides an insight into how whole life costing is affecting our approach to designing, building, maintaining and disposing of structures. The book is written for consulting engineers in the fields of civil and structural engineering, building designers, architects, quantity surveyors, refurbishing specialists, as well as practising civil and structural engineers engaged in planning, design, construction, repair and refurbishment of structures.
In March 1988, an international workshop on intersections without traffic signals was held at the Ruhr-University in Bochum, Germany. The proceedings of this workshop were published by Springer 1). The workshop was performed in a very harmonious atmosphere, which stimulated the experts from different countries to communicate and exchange their ideas and experiences. The presentations and the written contributions documented the present state of technical solutions for design and engineering of unsi gnalized intersections both regarding scientific research and practical applications. Moreover, numerous unsolved problems were identified. Thus, the 1988 workshop stimulated new developments in the field of unsignalized inter sections in several countries. In the meantime, these investigations have lead to a remarkable progress. For example in Germany a new guideline for unsignalized cross intersections and T-junctions has been finished and is going to be introduced in 1991. New results on roundabout capacity have been worked out as well. Many particularly important developments were made in foreign countries. Especially in the United States, an increasing interest in this subject can be observed. In the annual meetings of the TRB, this item received great attention. Many research institutes in North America have concentrated their activities on that point. A new TRB-circular concerning unsignalized intersections is going to be published. It will contain a new procedure for four-way-stop-control intersections, which seems to be a special feature of North American traffic engineering. However, new results from the US for two-way-stop control intersections are available as well.