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The purpose of this report is to look at the state-of-the-art of non-traditional traffic counting methods. This is done through a three-fold approach that includes an assessment of currently available technology, a survey of State Department of Transportation practices, and a review of the literature. Traditional traffic counting has utilized intrusive devices including bending plate, pneumatic road tube, inductive loops, and piezo-electric sensors. As safety, cost, increased traffic flow, complex road geometrics, and traffic disruption have become issues of concern, traffic counting professionals are looking more closely at alternatives to traditional methods of data collection. Such non-traditional traffic counting devices as video image detection, Doppler microwave, passive magnetic, passive acoustic, active and passive infrared, and active and passive ultrasonic are being considered due to their non-intrusive nature. Information on available technology including cost, installation requirements, technical specifications, data retrieval, and limitations of the products are addressed. This information is followed by a summary of State practices that shows very limited usage of non-intrusive technology. Lastly, a review of the literature indicates there is little in the way of "new" technology. However, several evaluations of non-intrusive devices provide valuable information to traffic counting professionals that will assist in decision-making regarding upgrades to current practices
This report inventoried the current costs and procedures of VDOT's Secondary Count Program, with special attention to costs and procedures for traffic counts on unpaved roads. A survey of VDOT's nine District Traffic Engineers on unpaved road counts, a field evaluation of the accuracy of road tubes on unpaved roads, results of a literature review on alternative procedures for obtaining traffic volumes on unpaved roads, and a survey of the other states that maintain a system of secondary roads, are presented. Of the 9,931 secondary road counts requested in 1993, 2,143 were on unpaved roads. Cost estimates indicated that counting unpaved roads was approximately 17% of the secondary count program expenditure in 1993. The actual field work constituted approximately 10% of the expenditure; the remaining 90% was office work and support services. The District Traffic Engineers were concerned about the accuracy of unpaved road counts, due to local residents tampering with the equipment and the need to apply adjustment factors to the raw counts. Field evaluation of the road tubes indicated that they performed well on unpaved surfaces. However, the programmable counters were more accurate on unpaved roads than the cumulative models currently used by the Department. The literature review indicated that mechanical traffic counts are the most cost-effective way to collect traffic volumes. Trip generation and traffic forecasting methods have no inherent accuracy. Most other states responsible for maintaining a secondary road system do not have specific programs or guidelines for counting unpaved roads, but all of these gtates use road tubes. Programmable counters can produce hourly counts and provide machine-readable data, which would help identify false counts resulting from tampering with the equipment, reveal possible equipment failures during the counting period, relieve VDOT staff of having to retrieve counters from the field after precisely 24 hours, and reduce the risk of recorder error by downloading the counter directly to a computer. Based on the literature reviews, inventories, surveys, and field tests, all traffic counts on unpaved roads should use programmable, machine-readable counting devices.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Traffic Monitoring and Analysis, TMA 2012, held in Vienna, Austria, in March 2012. The thoroughly refereed 10 full papers and 8 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 31 submissions. The contributions are organized in topical sections on traffic analysis and characterization: new results and improved measurement techniques; measurement for QoS, security and service level agreements; and tools for network measurement and experimentation.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Traffic Monitoring and Analysis, TMA 2011, held in Vienna, Austria, on April 27, 2011 - co-located with EW 2011, the 17th European Wireless Conference. The workshop is an initiative from the COST Action IC0703 "Data Traffic Monitoring and Analysis: Theory, Techniques, Tools and Applications for the Future Networks". The 10 revised full papers and 6 poster papers presented together with 4 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on traffic analysis, applications and privacy, traffic classification, and a poster session.
Estimates of annual average daily traffic volumes are important in the planning and operations of state highway departments. These estimates are used in the planning of new construction and improvement of existing facilities, and, in some cases, in the allocation of maintenance funds. It is, therefore, important that any method used in obtaining the estimates provide data of sufficient accuracy for the intended use. This importance of having reliable and current data on traffic volumes at hand is generally recognized, and over the years data collection programs have tended to expand. This expansion has led to huge amounts of money being spent annually for the collection and analysis of traffic data. Efforts are, however, now being made to reduce the annual expenditure on traffic counts while at the same time maintaining the desired level of accuracy. A study was, therefore, carried out by the Council to develop an optimal counting program for the state. Firstly, the study entailed breaking down all highways in the primary system into homogeneous links such that the traffic characteristics along any given link were constant. A total of 2,510 links were obtained. The links in each district were then grouped into clusters, such that the links within a given cluster had similar traffic volume characteristics. The McQueen's K-means Method was used in the grouping procedure. A total of 82 clusters were obtained. A counting procedure was then developed based on an accuracy level of ± 10% with 95% confidence. Counting stations were then randomly selected. The counting program developed requires 927 counting stations for the whole state compared with the 1,345 currently being used.
This synthesis will be of interest to traffic engineers, highway planners, and others concerned with the collection of traffic data for traffic engineering studies, for long-range planning, and for evaluation of traffic law enforcement. Information is presented on current practice in traffic data collection and analysis. Although types of highway traffic data collected over the past 50 years have not changed significantly, the quantities, analysis procedure, and presentations of these data have changed as a result of changing policies, operational concerns, and capabilities resulting from new technologies. This report of the Transportation Research Board describes the technology (both hardware and software) that is being used for traffic data collection, and discusses technological advances that have not yet been applied to the acquisition and presentation of traffic data.