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Among the available energy storage devices, Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) are showing significant promise for many applications such as renewable power grids, Electrified Vehicles (EVs), and consumer electronics due to their high energy density, long life, and lack of memory effect. However, safety is still one of the critical barriers to lithium-ion battery technologies. From a battery control viewpoint, real-time diagnostics of battery faults is a key towards safer batteries. These battery faults can originate from many factors, such as manufacturing defects, abusive operating conditions, and internal degradation mechanisms induced by aging. Therefore, early detection of such faults at their nascent stage is indispensable for battery safety. This dissertation proposes fault diagnostics techniques based on system theoretic approaches to improve the safety of batteries by considering various aspects of safety. In the first sub-problem, we present a computationally efficient battery model that captures individual electrode-level behavior in LIBs. Such electrode-level control can effectively expand the battery cells' usable energy and power limits by utilizing the knowledge of individual electrodes' charge and health. Furthermore, internal degradation mechanisms can be identified utilizing such electrode-level information. Second, irrespective of the physical cause of the failure, many internal faults eventually manifest themselves as abnormal thermal behavior, which may, in turn, lead to thermal runaway. Therefore, in this dissertation, the thermal safety in Lithium-ion batteries is aided by a combination of installed temperature sensors and thermal management algorithms. We propose a framework that finds sensors' effective locations that maximize state observability and proposes a real-time algorithm for distributed temperature estimation in pouch cells. In third sub-problem, we propose a framework that (i) optimizes the sensor locations to improve the detectability and isolability of thermal faults in pouch cells, and (ii) designed a filtering scheme for fault detection and localization based on a two-dimensional thermal model. In the last sub-problem, we propose a closed-loop feedback based approach that enables real-time optimal charging protocol adaptation to battery health, and posses active diagnostic capabilities in the sense that it detects real-time faults during charging and takes corrective action to mitigate such fault effects.
The energy density of conventional graphite anode batteries is insufficient to meet the requirement for portable devices, electric cars, and smart grids. As a result, researchers have diverted to lithium metal anode batteries. Lithium metal has a theoretical specific capacity (3,860 mAh·g-1) significantly higher than that of graphite. Additionally, it has a lower redox potential of -3.04 V compared to standard hydrogen electrodes. These properties make high-energy lithium metal batteries a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage devices, which have garnered significant interest for several years. However, the high activity of lithium metal anodes poses safety risks (e.g., short circuits and thermal runaway) that hinder their commercial growth. Currently, modification of reversible lithium anodes is the primary focus of lithium metal batteries. This article presents conceptual models and numerical simulations that address failure processes and offer specific techniques to mitigate the challenges of lithium metal anodes, including electrolyte design, interface engineering, and electrode modification. It is expected that lithium metal batteries will recover and become a feasible energy storage solution.
Lithium-Ion Batteries features an in-depth description of different lithium-ion applications, including important features such as safety and reliability. This title acquaints readers with the numerous and often consumer-oriented applications of this widespread battery type. Lithium-Ion Batteries also explores the concepts of nanostructured materials, as well as the importance of battery management systems. This handbook is an invaluable resource for electrochemical engineers and battery and fuel cell experts everywhere, from research institutions and universities to a worldwide array of professional industries. Contains all applications of consumer and industrial lithium-ion batteries, including reviews, in a single volume Features contributions from the world's leading industry and research experts Presents executive summaries of specific case studies Covers information on basic research and application approaches
Safety of Lithium Batteries describes how best to assure safety during all phases of the life of Lithium ion batteries (production, transport, use, and disposal). About 5 billion Li-ion cells are produced each year, predominantly for use in consumer electronics. This book describes how the high-energy density and outstanding performance of Li-ion batteries will result in a large increase in the production of Li-ion cells for electric drive train vehicle (xEV) and battery energy storage (BES or EES) purposes. The high-energy density of Li battery systems comes with special hazards related to the materials employed in these systems. The manufacturers of cells and batteries have strongly reduced the hazard probability by a number of measures. However, absolute safety of the Li system is not given as multiple incidents in consumer electronics have shown. Presents the relationship between chemical and structure material properties and cell safety Relates cell and battery design to safety as well as system operation parameters to safety Outlines the influences of abuses on safety and the relationship to battery testing Explores the limitations for transport and storage of cells and batteries Includes recycling, disposal and second use of lithium ion batteries
As the world moves towards cleaner energy and reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, batteries have become an important tool for storing power. However, as the demand for more powerful batteries grows, so does the need for safer battery technology. New types of batteries are being developed to increase their capacity and improve their performance. But as promising as these new technologies are, there are still concerns around their safety, especially when it comes to large-scale deployment. This book addresses these concerns and provides an overview of the latest developments in battery safety. It highlights the current challenges and explores the most advanced safety features that can be incorporated to improve battery safety for both lithium-ion and other types of batteries. The book is a valuable resource for engineers and experts in the field of batteries and fuel cells, from universities and research institutions to professionals in a variety of industries.
This book is about how to avoid the accidents and injuries that may occur when batteries are abused or mishandled. It is the first book to deal specifically with this subject in a reasonably comprehensive manner accessible to readers ranging from regular consumers to technical specialists. Batteries and battery processes are described in sufficient detail to enable readers to understand why and how batteries cause accidents and what can be done to prevent them. Each year in the United States alone, thousands of individuals are injured by battery accidents, some of which are severely disabling. The tragedy is that such accidents need not occur. The book is intended to satisfy the needs of a varied group of readers: battery users in general, battery engineers, and designers of battery-operated equipment and consumer electronics. Since the book is a reference source of information on batteries and battery chemicals, we believe it may also be useful to those studying the environment as well as to medical personnel called upon to treat battery injuries. There are no prerequisites for an under standing of the text other than an interest in batteries and their safe usage.