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Le travail a été réalisé au Cran (ENSEM) dans l'équipe de recherche méthodologie de conception et sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes de commande. Dans une première partie, les travaux antérieurs de l'équipe sont rappelés : élaboration d'une méthode de conception des systèmes de commande pour les processus rapides que sont les convertisseurs électromécaniques (association d'électronique de puissance et de machines électriques). Cette méthode en 3 étapes fait largement appel aux réseaux de Petri interprétés et montre l'intérêt d'intégrer dès le début de la conception les problèmes de sûreté de fonctionnement. La situation du projet sur lequel l'auteur a travaillé est également présentée : un multiprocesseur rapide dédié à la commande des machines électriques. Dans la seconde partie, l'étude et la réalisation partielle permettant la démonstration de faisabilité, du système de commande tolérant ses fautes par reconfiguration est présentée. Cette étude a été menée en suivant scrupuleusement la méthode proposée. Elle met en évidence les problèmes à résoudre pour reconfigurer la commande tant logicielle que matérielle : détection des erreurs dans les processeurs par diagnostic interne ou par validation des échanges d'informations, isolement du processeur défaillant, reprise de la commande en performances dégradées par des algorithmes simplifiés, problèmes de l'initialisation de ces algorithmes, problème de la sûreté du système gérant la reconfiguration. L'intérêt de cette solution est d'obtenir une bonne sûreté de fonctionnement Sna s’introduire une redondance massive dans le système de commande. La partie expérimentale a été menée à terme avec un pont de Graetz réversible alimentant un moteur à courant continu, et des résultats intéressants ont été obtenus par simulation d'erreurs dans le système de commande
The growing complexity of modern software systems increases the di?culty of ensuring the overall dependability of software-intensive systems. Complexity of environments, in which systems operate, high dependability requirements that systems have to meet, as well as the complexity of infrastructures on which they rely make system design a true engineering challenge. Mastering system complexity requires design techniques that support clear thinking and rigorous validation and veri?cation. Formal design methods help to achieve this. Coping with complexity also requires architectures that are t- erant of faults and of unpredictable changes in environment. This issue can be addressed by fault-tolerant design techniques. Therefore, there is a clear need of methods enabling rigorous modelling and development of complex fault-tolerant systems. This bookaddressessuchacuteissues indevelopingfault-tolerantsystemsas: – Veri?cation and re?nement of fault-tolerant systems – Integrated approaches to developing fault-tolerant systems – Formal foundations for error detection, error recovery, exception and fault handling – Abstractions, styles and patterns for rigorousdevelopment of fault tolerance – Fault-tolerant software architectures – Development and application of tools supporting rigorous design of depe- able systems – Integrated platforms for developing dependable systems – Rigorous approaches to speci?cation and design of fault tolerance in novel computing systems TheeditorsofthisbookwereinvolvedintheEU(FP-6)projectRODIN(R- orous Open Development Environment for Complex Systems), which brought together researchers from the fault tolerance and formal methods communi- 1 ties. In 2007 RODIN organized the MeMoT workshop held in conjunction with the Integrated Formal Methods 2007 Conference at Oxford University.
This dual-language dictionary lists over 20,000 specialist terms in both French and English, covering architecture, building, engineering and property terms. It meets the needs of all building professionals working on projects overseas. It has been comprehensively researched and compiled to provide an invaluable reference source in an increasingly European marketplace.
This book examines how the computer, as we currently know it, will be replaced by a new generation of technologies, moving computing off the desktop and ultimately integrating it with real world objects and everyday environments. It provides a unique combination of concepts, methods and prototypes of ubiquitous and pervasive computing reflecting the current interest in smart environments and ambient intelligence.
A Frequency Dictionary of French is an invaluable tool for all learners of French, providing a list of the 5000 most frequently used words in the language. Based on a 23-million-word corpus of French which includes written and spoken material both from France and overseas, this dictionary provides the user with detailed information for each of the 5000 entries, including English equivalents, a sample sentence, its English translation, usage statistics, and an indication of register variation. Users can access the top 5000 words either through the main frequency listing or through an alphabetical index. Throughout the frequency listing there are thematically-organized lists of the top words from a variety of key topics such as sports, weather, clothing, and family terms. An engaging and highly useful resource, the Frequency Dictionary of French will enable students of all levels to get the most out of their study of French vocabulary. Former CD content is now available to access at www.routledge.com/9780415775311 as support material. Designed for use by corpus and computational linguists it provides the full text in a format that researchers can process and turn into suitable lists for their own research work. Deryle Lonsdale is Associate Professor in the Linguistics and English Language Department at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah). Yvon Le Bras is Associate Professor of French and Department Chair of the French and Italian Department at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah).
Policy concepts; Identification of policy issues; Production systems, supply and demand; Market, price and trade policies; Marketing and distribution systems; Budget and manpower planning; Land tenure police for the livestock sector; Policy analysis report writing and communication; Livestock production and marketing in alphabeta - a case study.