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A major challenge for agronomists is developing cropping systems that exhibit superior performance across variable environmental conditions. Long-term field research trials provide a direct measure of the effect of environmental conditions within the context of treatment effects. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely grown base crop in dryland systems of the semiarid central Great Plains, but grain yields are limited by nitrogen (N) and soil water availability. The goal of this research was to assess long-term cropping systems of winter wheat-grain sorghum-fallow in dryland. The focus was to determine the effect of three tillage practices and rates of N fertilization rates effects on the efficiency of the management system and grain yields for 2015-2018, and evaluate the yield stability for both crops in a 53-year-old crop rotation and fertility experiment. In the first study we evaluated the long-term effects of three different tillage practices and four N fertilizer rates on grain yield, protein content, and N use efficiency indices of winter wheat and grain sorghum in 2015-2018. The experiment was conducted on a long-term plot initiated in 1965 in Hays, KS as a split-split-plot arrangement of rotation, tillage, and N fertilizer treatments with four replications in a randomized complete block design. The main plots were the crop phase (winter wheat, grain sorghum, or fallow), sub-plots were three tillage treatments [conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)]. The sub-sub-plots were four N rates (0, 22, 45, and 67 kg N ha−1) later modified in the 2015 growing season to 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg ha−1. Results showed tillage × N rate interaction had no significant (P = 0.608) effect on grain yield. Year × tillage and year × N rate had significant (P
An evolving, living organic/inorganic covering, soil is in dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere above, the biosphere within, and the geology below. It acts as an anchor for roots, a purveyor of water and nutrients, a residence for a vast community of microorganisms and animals, a sanitizer of the environment, and a source of raw materials for co
Cover crops slow erosion, improve soil, smother weeds, enhance nutrient and moisture availability, help control many pests and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. At the same time, they can reduce costs, increase profits and even create new sources of income. You¿ll reap dividends on your cover crop investments for years, since their benefits accumulate over the long term. This book will help you find which ones are right for you. Captures farmer and other research results from the past ten years. The authors verified the info. from the 2nd ed., added new results and updated farmer profiles and research data, and added 2 chap. Includes maps and charts, detailed narratives about individual cover crop species, and chap. about aspects of cover cropping.
Growing cover crops (CCs) in rotation with cash crops has become popular in recent years for their many agroecosystem benefits, such as influencing nutrient cycling and reducing nutrient losses. This study aimed to (i) determine the long-term effects of no-till with CCs and varying nitrogen (N) rates on subsequent sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] yield and yield components, (ii) assess how CCs affect the N dynamic in the soil-crop relationship during the growing season and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum, and (iii) define and evaluate important periods of nitrous oxide (N2O) losses throughout the cropping system. Field experiments were conducted during the 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing season in a three-year no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -- sorghum -- soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] rotation. Fallow management consisted of a chemical fallow (CF) control plus four CCs and a double-crop soybean (DSB) grown after wheat harvest. Nitrogen fertilizer was subsurface banded at five rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha−1) after sorghum planting. On average, DSB and late-maturing soybean (LMS) provided one-third and one-half of the N required for optimum economic grain yield (90 kg N ha−1), respectively; resulting in increased grain yield when compared to the other CCs and CF with 0-N application. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.) had no or negative effects on sorghum yield and N uptake relative to CF across all N rates. Sorghum-sudangrass (SS) (Sorghum bicolor var. sudanese) significantly reduced N uptake and grain yield, even at higher N rates. Sorghum following CF had the lowest NUE at optimum grain yield when compared to all CC treatments, suggesting that CCs have a tendency to improve NUE. Cover crops reduced N2O emissions by 65% during the fallow period when compared to CF; however, DSB and SS increased emissions when N was applied during the sorghum phase, indicating that N fertilization might be the overriding factor. Moreover, about 50% of the total N2O emissions occurred within 3 weeks after N application, regardless of the cover crop treatment, indicating the importance of implementing N management strategies to reduce N2O emissions early in the growing season. Overall, these results show that CC selection and N fertilizer management can have significant impacts on sorghum productivity and N2O emissions in no-till cropping systems.
Corn and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor L) are among the top cereal crops world wide, and both are key for global food security. Similarities between the two crops, particularly their adaptation for warm-season grain production, pose an opportunity for comparisons to inform appropriate cropping decisions. This book provides a comprehensive review of the similarities and differences between corn and grain sorghum. It compares corn and sorghum crops in areas such as morphology, physiology, phenology, yield, resource use and efficiency, and impact of both crops in different cropping systems. Producers, researchers and extension agents in search of reliable scientific information will find this in-depth comparison of crops with potential fit in dryland and irrigations cropping systems particularly valuable. - Presents a wide range of points of comparison - Offers important insights for crop decision making
Dryland agriculture is of more consequence now than ever because the world's dependence on food produced in dryland areas is even greater. In recognition of this, and the fact that global food supply is increasingly interconnected, this volume takes a world view of dryland production continent by continent. The initial chapters of the monograph address the principles that underlie all dryland farming, and are the basis for the following chapters that address dryland farming issues around the world.