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Using data from the U.S. censuses and American Community Surveys from 1950 to 2010, my dissertation investigates immigrants’ socio-economic integration in the U.S. I aim to study the causes and consequences of immigrants’ integration in the U.S. and to offer insights on policies that could facilitate immigrants in their assimilation process. The first chapter analyzes the increasing native-immigrant wage gaps since the 1980s. The second chapter studies the increasing wage premiums of intermarried immigrants since the 1980s. The third chapter studies why people live in ethnic enclaves. I find that technological change and globalization, which have increased the relative price of U.S.-specific social-communication and managerial skills since the 1980s, are important drivers of the widening wage gaps between natives and immigrants as well as the increasing wage premiums of intermarried immigrants. I also find that ethnic enclaves have a â€pulling†effect whereby immigration inflows to cities can simultaneously attract co-ethnic natives already living in the receiving cities to remain and entice co-ethnic natives living outside of the receiving cities to migrate in. I also find that this pulling effect is not due to potential monetary benefits in the labor market but is instead likely due to the lower housing prices and non-monetary benefits such as language convenience and ethnic amenities.
The story of West Indian immigrants to the United States is generally considered to be a great success. Mary Waters, however, tells a very different story. She finds that the values that gain first-generation immigrants initial success--a willingness to work hard, a lack of attention to racism, a desire for education, an incentive to save--are undermined by the realities of life and race relations in the United States. Contrary to long-held beliefs, Waters finds, those who resist Americanization are most likely to succeed economically, especially in the second generation.
"The primary goal of this dissertation project is to understand how political attitudes and political institutions are shaped. Specifically, in my first two essays, I provide insight into understanding how political institutions shape immigrant behaviors. The third chapter sheds light on the role of political actors shaping state institutions. Overall, the three essays uncover the role that various political actors or institutions play in shaping attitudinal or institutional changes within the political economy. In my first chapter, I look at how exclusion affects nonwhite immigrants' assimilation behaviors in the context of the United States during the Chinese Exclusion Era. I examine how local and national level political resistance to nonwhite immigrants undermined one of the largest immigrant exclusionary efforts for minorities. Specifically, I use a source of newly digitized micro-level census data to demonstrate causally that immigrants who are physically distinct from the dominant group, or non-white, are less able to assimilate. Rather than investing in assimilation efforts, they chose to invest in socioeconomic advancements like education. Given the salience of racial politics in contemporary America, important implications regarding assimilation, identity, and discrimination can be made. In my second essay, I investigate how immigrants integrate into the United States, given different individual backgrounds and experiences. I show that an immigrant's pre-immigrant experiences and moreover, their home country, is important in seeing an effect on their integration efforts in the United States. Particularly, I find that immigrants from less developed countries are more willing to integrate and fit into U.S. society compared than immigrants from more developed countries. The difference in behavior among the immigrants is largely driven by immigrants' contextual and cognitive features that shape their desire to form a new identity in order to avoid discrimination and achieve similar economic opportunities as the in-group members. Chapter 3 is a co-authored paper with Professor Alexander Lee. We examine how criminal politicians undermine institutional effectiveness by empowering decision makers with a vested interest in a weak and manipulable police force. It tests this claim in the context of Indian state elections, using a regression discontinuity design that focuses on races where a politician facing a serious criminal charge barely won or lost. The close election of a criminal politician is associated with senior police officers in their districts serving for shorter periods. Criminal politicians are also associated with an on paper reduction in types of crime especially vulnerable to selective reporting, and no change in other types of crime. The results suggest that the criminalization of politics can create a self-reinforcing cycle of institutional weakness."--Pages x-xi.
Since the 1960s, new and more diverse waves of immigrants have changed the demographic composition and the landscapes of North American cities and their suburbs. The Housing and Economic Experiences of Immigrants in U.S. and Canadian Cities is a collection of essays examining how recent immigrants have fared in getting access to jobs and housing in urban centres across the continent. Using a variety of methodologies, contributors from both countries present original research on a range of issues connected to housing and economic experiences. They offer both a broad overview and a series of detailed case studies that highlight the experiences of particular communities. This volume demonstrates that, while the United States and Canada have much in common when it comes to urban development, there are important structural and historical differences between the immigrant experiences in these two countries.
The United States prides itself on being a nation of immigrants, and the country has a long history of successfully absorbing people from across the globe. The integration of immigrants and their children contributes to our economic vitality and our vibrant and ever changing culture. We have offered opportunities to immigrants and their children to better themselves and to be fully incorporated into our society and in exchange immigrants have become Americans - embracing an American identity and citizenship, protecting our country through service in our military, fostering technological innovation, harvesting its crops, and enriching everything from the nation's cuisine to its universities, music, and art. Today, the 41 million immigrants in the United States represent 13.1 percent of the U.S. population. The U.S.-born children of immigrants, the second generation, represent another 37.1 million people, or 12 percent of the population. Thus, together the first and second generations account for one out of four members of the U.S. population. Whether they are successfully integrating is therefore a pressing and important question. Are new immigrants and their children being well integrated into American society, within and across generations? Do current policies and practices facilitate their integration? How is American society being transformed by the millions of immigrants who have arrived in recent decades? To answer these questions, this new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine summarizes what we know about how immigrants and their descendants are integrating into American society in a range of areas such as education, occupations, health, and language.
Past research on immigration has given much attention to whether immigrants become socioeconomically integrated into the host society over time and across generations. This literature has often spotlighted particular stages of immigrants' lives (e.g., working age). In this dissertation, I argue that because diverse immigrant populations are entering new life stages and encountering new challenges due to policy shifts, a life course perspective is needed to fully understand immigrants' well-being. Using high quality longitudinal data and administrative records, I investigate whether socioeconomic integration lasts through different stages of the life course among U.S. immigrants, and whether integration in one stage bears consequences for immigrants' well-being in another stage. Chapter 1 examines the recent increase in the number of immigrants reaching retirement age and their corresponding economic status in later life. While past research has concluded that immigrants experience upward mobility and catch up economically to the native-born as they work in the labor force for longer, we do not know whether this progress continues to occur in retirement. Using longitudinal data representative of the U.S. population aged 50+, I show that foreign-born individuals become downwardly mobile and face large economic disadvantages in later life. The explanation for this phenomenon lies in what I call "latent cumulative disadvantage": even as immigrants are approaching parity with the native-born in terms of current earnings, they accumulate disadvantages in Social Security coverage, job pension benefits, and retirement planning. The outcomes of this process do not become evident until retirement age. Chapter 2 identifies the consequences of legal exclusion of immigrant children from U.S. institutions. Although qualitative studies have highlighted how undocumented status restricts the lives of youths, there is limited evidence that demonstrates how these effects persist or change over time. Recent threats to the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program also pose new questions about how undocumented youths might fare in absence of temporary legal relief. This paper was the first to infer and validate a measure of legal status in a nationally representative longitudinal study of adolescents. I concluded - from the study sample, which happens to be a cohort of children who were ineligible for DACA - that legal status deeply stratifies children's socioeconomic development, and that this stratification persists from college attendance in early adulthood to earnings in mid-adulthood. These findings directly speak to the extent of potential damages of repealing DACA and the benefits of securing citizenship for DREAMers. In Chapter 3, I consider the implication of immigrants' economic mobility for their later-life health trajectories. As immigrants become more economically integrated with the native-born population, they are also known to experience assimilation in health, where they have better health than the native-born upon arrival but lose this advantage over time. The co-existence of these two trajectories appears paradoxical, given robust positive associations between SES and health. Using earnings data from Social Security earnings records linked with health outcomes from survey data, this paper explores whether economic mobility benefits or harms immigrant health in later life. I find that while having an upwardly mobile earnings trajectory is associated with fewer functional limitations and better self-rated health at age 60, it is also associated with faster deterioration in self-rated health between ages 60 and 80. This study shows that adapting to U.S. society can be physically burdensome for the long term and calls for more institutional support for immigrant integration.
A National Bestseller! What does an undocumented immigrant look like? What kind of family must she come from? How could she get into this country? What is the true price she must pay to remain in the United States? JULISSA ARCE knows firsthand that the most common, preconceived answers to those questions are sometimes far too simple-and often just plain wrong. On the surface, Arce's story reads like a how-to manual for achieving the American dream: growing up in an apartment on the outskirts of San Antonio, she worked tirelessly, achieved academic excellence, and landed a coveted job on Wall Street, complete with a six-figure salary. The level of professional and financial success that she achieved was the very definition of the American dream. But in this brave new memoir, Arce digs deep to reveal the physical, financial, and emotional costs of the stunning secret that she, like many other high-achieving, successful individuals in the United States, had been forced to keep not only from her bosses, but even from her closest friends. From the time she was brought to this country by her hardworking parents as a child, Arce-the scholarship winner, the honors college graduate, the young woman who climbed the ladder to become a vice president at Goldman Sachs-had secretly lived as an undocumented immigrant. In this surprising, at times heart-wrenching, but always inspirational personal story of struggle, grief, and ultimate redemption, Arce takes readers deep into the little-understood world of a generation of undocumented immigrants in the United States today- people who live next door, sit in your classrooms, work in the same office, and may very well be your boss. By opening up about the story of her successes, her heartbreaks, and her long-fought journey to emerge from the shadows and become an American citizen, Arce shows us the true cost of achieving the American dream-from the perspective of a woman who had to scale unseen and unimaginable walls to get there.