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Effect of aluminum on the decomposition of 5 ferrite to austenite was investigated in a low-alloy steel weld. In addition, the effect of inclusion composition on the transition from bainite to acicular ferrite during austenite decomposition was analyzed. Stress relaxation during decomposition of austenite to allotriomorphic and acicular ferrite was also characterized. Results from the above experiments illustrate the importance of thermomechanical effects on weld microstructure evolution.
Microstructure development in low alloy steel welds depends on various phase transformations that are a function of weld heating and cooling. The phase changes include non-metallic oxide inclusion formation in the liquid state, weld pool solidification, and solid state transformations. In this paper the mechanism of inclusion formation during low alloy steel welding is considered and the model predictions are compared with published results. The effect of inclusions on the austenite to ferrite transformation kinetics is measured and the mechanisms of transformation are discussed. The austenite gain development is related to the driving force for transformation of[delta] ferrite to austenite.
Ever since the invention of arc technology in 1870s and its early use for welding lead during the manufacture of lead-acid batteries, advances in arc welding throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen this form of processing applied to a range of industries and progress to become one of the most effective techniques in metals and alloys joining. The objective of this book is to introduce relatively established methodologies and techniques which have been studied, developed and applied in industries or researches. State-of-the-art development aimed at improving technologies will be presented covering topics such as weldability, technology, automation, modelling, and measurement. This book also seeks to provide effective solutions to various applications for engineers and researchers who are interested in arc material processing. This book is divided into 4 independent sections corresponding to recent advances in this field.
This book describes the fundamentals of residual stresses in friction stir welding and reviews the data reported for various materials. Residual stresses produced during manufacturing processes lead to distortion of structures. It is critical to understand and mitigate residual stresses. From the onset of friction stir welding, claims have been made about the lower magnitude of residual stresses. The lower residual stresses are partly due to lower peak temperature and shorter time at temperature during friction stir welding. A review of residual stresses that result from the friction stir process and strategies to mitigate it have been presented. Friction stir welding can be combined with additional in-situ and ex-situ manufacturing steps to lower the final residual stresses. Modeling of residual stresses highlights the relationship between clamping constraint and development of distortion. For many applications, management of residual stresses can be critical for qualification of component/structure. Reviews magnitude of residual stresses in various metals and alloys Discusses mitigation strategies for residual stresses during friction stir welding Covers fundamental origin of residual stresses and distortion