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Temperature distribution in a fuel cell significantly affects the performance and efficiency of the fuel cell system. Particularly, in low temperature fuel cells, improvement of the system requires proper thermal management, which indicates the need for developing accurate thermal models. In this study, a 3D numerical thermal model is presented to analyze the heat transfer and predict the temperature distribution in air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In the modeled fuel cell stack, forced air flow supplies oxidant as well as cooling. Conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy are solved in the oxidant channel, while energy equation is solved in the entire domain, including the gas diffusion layers and separator plates, which play a significant role in heat transfer. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effects of various properties and operating conditions on the maximum cell temperature. The present results are further validated with experiment. This model provides a theoretical foundation for thermal analysis of air-cooled PEMFC stacks, where temperature non-uniformity is high and thermal management and stack cooling is a significant challenge.
An analysis based on forced-convection heat-transfer theory, similar to the analysis presented for air-cooled engines in NACA Report No. 612, is made of the cooling processes in liquid-cooled engine cylinders. Semi-empirical equations that relate the average head and barrel temperatures with the primary engine and coolant parameters are derived.
Air-cooled electronic equipments designed for airborne application are classified according to their cooling methods. Basic thermal test methods and techniques of making the necessary measurements are described with emphasis on bench testing. Calculation methods for the prediction of altitude performance from bench test data are presented. The analysis of altitude chamber test data and calculation methods for their correction are discussed for equipments which cannot be evaluated by bench tests only, and for other equipments for which certain data may be conveniently secured by altitude chamber test. Methods applicable to various types of equipment for evaluation of non-steady state operation are covered in detail. One chapter is devoted to the theory, performance, evaluation and selection of cooling blowers. Throughout the report, charts are presented which allow graphical means to be utilized to a great extent for purposes of analysis. All methods are illustrated by means of examples listed in the Contents. Physical property data, air flow theory, blower test methods and details of experimental apparatus are presented in the appendices.