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Ferguson tells the human story behind the evolution of money, from its origins in ancient Mesopotamia to the latest Wall Street upheavals. The author shows that finance is, in fact, the foundation of human progress.
A colorful history of US research universities, and a market-based theory of their global success. American education has its share of problems, but it excels in at least one area: university-based research. That’s why American universities have produced more Nobel Prize winners than those of the next twenty-nine countries combined. Economist Miguel Urquiola argues that the principal source of this triumph is a free-market approach to higher education. Until the late nineteenth century, research at American universities was largely an afterthought, suffering for the same reason that it now prospers: the free market permits institutional self-rule. Most universities exploited that flexibility to provide what well-heeled families and church benefactors wanted. They taught denominationally appropriate materials and produced the next generation of regional elites, no matter the students’—or their instructors’—competence. These schools were nothing like the German universities that led the world in research and advanced training. The American system only began to shift when certain universities, free to change their business model, realized there was demand in the industrial economy for students who were taught by experts and sorted by talent rather than breeding. Cornell and Johns Hopkins led the way, followed by Harvard, Columbia, and a few dozen others that remain centers of research. By the 1920s the United States was well on its way to producing the best university research. Free markets are not the solution for all educational problems. Urquiola explains why they are less successful at the primary and secondary level, areas in which the United States often lags. But the entrepreneurial spirit has certainly been the key to American leadership in the research sector that is so crucial to economic success.
'Money may be the husk of many things but not the kernel. It brings you food, but not appetite; medicine, but not health; acquaintance, but not friends; servants, but not loyalty; days of joy, but not peace or happiness' - Henrik Ibsen Money is big in the news. Banks have collapsed, the property bubble has burst and national debts are at almost unimaginable levels. The Book of Money will help you understand what is happening. Mentioning terms such as the 'financial market' and 'global economy' are daunting prospects, even without the added dreaded notion of recession. Money, and our worldwide struggles with them, is a constant source of doom and gloom news bulletins, leaving us fearing for our savings and bank balances. More often than we consider, this anxiety is down to our lack of understanding of how the economic climates and financial systems work. The Book of Money will demystify and explain economics to help you understand the modern financial world, and answers all the questions you were too afraid to ask. This beautifully illustrated book, with full colour photography, offers comprehensive diagrams to explain the most baffling of systems such as 'Who Owes What?' with national debts, an accurate portrayal of how tax is spent, and the World's top 20 banks' assets. It shares a potted history of how money came to life, charting the rise of the shekel in the Mesopotamian civilisations, the 'Lydian Lion' and profiles of notable figures who wrote about money, such as Adam Smith and Karl Marx. You can explore the many different types of banks with descriptions of how they function, varieties of bonds and how they can affect you, the structures of hedge funds and how the criminality and money intertwine through fraud, rogue states and cybercrime. The Book of Money Includes... A Brief History of Money Rich World, Poor World Money and Government Banks & Banking The Markets Investing & Finance Money & Business The Science of Money Money & The Law Life Stages Saving, Spending & Giving ... and much more!
The 10th anniversary edition, with new chapters on the crash, Chimerica, and cryptocurrency "[An] excellent, just in time guide to the history of finance and financial crisis." —The Washington Post "Fascinating." —Fareed Zakaria, Newsweek In this updated edition, Niall Ferguson brings his classic financial history of the world up to the present day, tackling the populist backlash that followed the 2008 crisis, the descent of "Chimerica" into a trade war, and the advent of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, with his signature clarity and expert lens. The Ascent of Money reveals finance as the backbone of history, casting a new light on familiar events: the Renaissance enabled by Italian foreign exchange dealers, the French Revolution traced back to a stock market bubble, the 2008 crisis traced from America's bankruptcy capital, Memphis, to China's boomtown, Chongqing. We may resent the plutocrats of Wall Street but, as Ferguson argues, the evolution of finance has rivaled the importance of any technological innovation in the rise of civilization. Indeed, to study the ascent and descent of money is to study the rise and fall of Western power itself.
Money flows around the world as countries buy and sell from each other. It looks different, has different names, and different values. So how do we really know what money is? Can we trust it? Discusses foreign currency exchange, international trade, world wealth and world poverty in an easy to understand, accessible manner. Chapters include information on the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, The G7 and various charitable organizations throughout the world. Includes a table of contents, glossary, index, websites and books for further information, and discussion questions.
By enabling the storage and transfer of purchasing power, money facilitates economic transactions and coordinates economic activity. But what is money? How is it generated? Distributed? How does money acquire value and that value change? How does money impact the economy, society? This book explores money as a system of "tokens" that represent the purchasing power of individual agents. It looks at how money developed from debt/credit relationships, barter and coins into a system of gold-backed currencies and bank credit and on to the present system of fiat money, bank credit, near-money and, more recently, digital currencies. The author successively examines how the money circuit has changed over the last 50 years, a period of stagnant wages, increased household borrowing and growing economic complexity, and argues for a new theory of economies as complex systems, coordinated by a banking and financial system. Money: What It Is, How It’s Created, Who Gets It and Why It Matters will be of interest to students of economics and finance theory and anyone wanting a more complete understanding of monetary theory, economics, money and banking.
The story of J. Paul Getty and how his enormous wealth, $4 billion divided between nineteen heirs, wreaked havoc with the lives of his family.