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It has become clear during recent global deliberations on biodiversity conservation that achieving Protected Area (PA) financial sustainability will require major changes in the way that PA funding is conceptualized, captured and used. With many, if not most, PAs facing funding crises, both in terms of the amount of funds available and how those are used, there is an urgent need to expand and diversify PA financial portfolios, and to ensure that funding reaches the groups and activities essential for biodiversity conservation. A range of innovative financing mechanisms have been developed and implemented to increase funding for PAs. This document aims to review and assess the status of a variety of these mechanisms, the major obstacles and opportunities for their implementation, and the potential for improvement.
The biosphere reserve concept was first launched in the mid-1970's, as part of UNESCO's international programme 'Man and the biosphere' (MAB), and has now become a practical field approach to combining the conservation of biological diversity with sustainable development needs. This publication has been prepared to mark the 30th anniversary of the MAB Programme. It provides an overview of the origins and development of the concept and its implementation, and goes on to consider recent activities and publications. It also discusses the difficulties and challenges in implementing the concept in different social, cultural, economic and biogeographic contexts.