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Hardbound. Clams have been harvested along the coasts of North America for as long as records have been kept. They support commercial, sport and subsistence fisheries although unfortunately, with few exceptions, the harvest of these invertebrates is declining. This decline is probably caused by a number of factors including pollution and overfishing. In an effort to ameliorate this situation, interest in the aquaculture of these species has grown.Intensive semi-controlled clam culture has been attempted in North America for almost three decades. However, it was not until the last decade that a number of entrepreneurs actually began clam farming and developing successful and profitable operations. This success has been possible because of numerous scientific and practical contributions made by a great number of scientists, growers, and clammers over the years, and by a healthy market demand caused by a downward trend in the wild harvest.Many of the
This book provides an introduction to the complex system functions, variability and human interference in ecosystem between the continent and the ocean. It focuses on circulation, transport and mixing of estuarine and coastal water masses, which is ultimately related to an understanding of the hydrographic and hydrodynamic characteristics (salinity, temperature, density and circulation), mixing processes (advection and diffusion), transport timescales such as the residence time and the exposure time. In the area of physical oceanography, experiments using these water bodies as a natural laboratory and interpreting their circulation and mixing processes using theoretical and semi-theoretical knowledge are of fundamental importance. Small-scale physical models may also be used together with analytical and numerical models. The book highlights the fact that research and theory are interactive, and the results provide the fundamentals for the development of the estuarine research.
This book describes the latest developments in the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of tidal inlets, with an emphasis on natural inlets. A review of morphological features and sand transport pathways is presented, followed by an overview of empirical relationships between inlet cross-sectional area, ebb delta volume, flood delta volume and tidal prism. Results of field observations and laboratory experiments are discussed and simple mathematical models are presented that calculate the inlet current and basin tide. The method to evaluate the cross-sectional stability of inlets, proposed by Escoffier, is reviewed, and is expanded, for the first time, to include double inlet systems. This volume is an ideal reference for coastal scientists, engineers and researchers, in the fields of coastal engineering, geomorphology, marine geology and oceanography.