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I hypothesized that diap1 is expressed in the larval fat body throughout metamorphosis and that this helps to inhibit PCD in this organ. To test this hypothesis, I examined diap1 transcript levels in wild type Drosophila using qPCR. In addition, I determined the expression of diap1 in larval fat body of flies with a diap1 RNAi construct. My results demonstrate that diap1 is expressed in the larval fat body during prepupal and early pupal development. Preliminary findings showed that Drosophila expressing the diap1 RNAi construct failed to undergo normal fat body remodeling. This finding suggests that diap1 is necessary for the normal timing of fat body remodeling and the successful development of Drosophila.
The metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster results in destruction of many larval tissues by programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is regulated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) (Yin et al., 2007). PCD is initiated by down-regulation of the antiapoptotic gene Inhibitor of Apoptosis (diap1). DIAP1 regulates PCD by inactivating caspases. Proapoptotic genes suppress diap1 to initiate histolysis of most larval tissues. A unique exception is the fat body, which instead of PCD undergoes remodeling from an organized tissue to a loose association of individual cells (Nelliot et al., 2006). The timing of fat body remodeling is ecdysone-dependent, but its genetic regulation still needs to be elucidated. I hypothesize that the fat tissue is refractory to PCD due to upregulation of diap1. To test this hypothesis, I constructed a temporal profile of diap1 expression in fat body via quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR). Additionally, I investigated if diap1 is necessary for fat body remodeling by studying fat body development in tissue specific loss-of-function diap1 animals. Here, I demonstrate that diap1 is upregulated throughout prepupal and early pupal development. While diap1 is not essential for fat body survival, diap1 appears essential for normal timing of fat body remodeling and pupal viability.
To test the hypothesis that the fat tissue is refractory to PCD due to upregulation of diap1, a temporal profile of diap1 expression in fat body via quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR) was constructed. Whether diap1 is necessary for fat body remodeling by studying fat body development in tissue specific loss-of-function diap1 animals was tested. Diap1 is upregulated throughout prepupal and early pupal development. While diap1 is not essential for fat body survival, diap1 appears essential for normal timing of fat body remodeling and pupal viability.
Extensively revised and updated, the new edition of the highly regarded Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes is an essential reference for biochemists, biotechnologists and molecular biologists. Edited by world-renowned experts in the field, this comprehensive work provides detailed information on all known proteolytic enzymes to date. This two-volume set unveils new developments on proteolytic enzymes which are being investigatedin pharmaceutical research for such diseases as HIV, Hepatitis C, and the common cold. Volume I covers aspartic and metallo petidases while Volume II examines peptidases of cysteine, serine, threonine and unknown catalytic type. A CD-ROM accompanies the book containing fully searchable text, specialised scissile bond searches, 3-D color structures and much more. The only comprehensive book on proteolytic enzymes Includes 671 chapters, each written by experts in their field, on proteolytic enzymes from all groups of living organisms and the viruses, including those that are currently major targets of pharmaceutical research Accompanying CD-ROM provides fully searchable text, 2D structures of peptidases in color and links directly to PubMed and MEROPS databases Each chapter describes in detail the enzyme name, its history, activity and specificity, structural chemistry, preparation, biological aspects and distinguishing features Over 1000 peptidases included
Contains papers from a July 1998 conference held at the Queens College Campus of the City University of New York. Papers are arranged in sections on mechanisms and general considerations, programmed (developmental) cell death, and cell death and pathological and clinical situations. Specific topics
This book is a treatise on microbial ecology that covers traditional and cutting-edge issues in the ecology of microbes in the biosphere. It emphasizes on study tools, microbial taxonomy and the fundamentals of microbial activities and interactions within their communities and environment as well as on the related food web dynamics and biogeochemical cycling. The work exceeds the traditional domain of microbial ecology by revisiting the evolution of cellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes and stressing the general principles of ecology. The overview of the topics, authored by more than 80 specialists, is one of the broadest in the field of environmental microbiology. The overview of the topics, authored by more than 80 specialists, is one of the broadest in the field of environmental microbiology.
A unique account of the biology, ecology and evolution of choanoflagellates - the closest, known, living, unicellular relatives of animals.
This book covers a broad range of topics about the cricket from its development, regeneration, physiology, nervous system, and behavior with remarkable recent updates by adapting the new, sophisticated molecular techniques including RNAi and other genome editing methods. It also provides detailed protocols on an array of topics and for basic experiments on the cricket.While the cricket has been one of the best models for neuroethological studies over the past 60 years, it has now become the most important system for studying basal hemimetabolous insects. The studies of Gryllus and related species of cricket will yield insight into evolutionary features that are not evident in other insect model systems, which mainly focus on holometabolous insects such as Drosophila, Tribolium, and Bombyx. Research on crickets and grasshoppers will be important for the development of pest-control strategies, given that some of the most notorious pests also belong to the order Orthoptera. At the same time, crickets possess an enormously high “food conversion efficiency”, making them a potentially important food source for an ever-expanding human population.This volume provides a comprehensive source of information as well as potential new applications in pest management and food production of the cricket. It will inspire scientists in various disciplines to use the cricket model system to investigate interesting and innovative questions.
1 Kevin Moses It is now 25 years since the study of the development of the compound eye in Drosophila really began with a classic paper (Ready et al. 1976). In 1864, August Weismann published a monograph on the development of Diptera and included some beautiful drawings of the developing imaginal discs (Weismann 1864). One of these is the first description of the third instar eye disc in which Weismann drew a vertical line separating a posterior domain that included a regular pattern of clustered cells from an anterior domain without such a pattern. Weismann suggested that these clusters were the precursors of the adult ommatidia and that the line marks the anterior edge of the eye. In his first suggestion he was absolutely correct - in his second he was wrong. The vertical line shown was not the anterior edge of the eye, but the anterior edge of a moving wave of patterning and cell type specification that 112 years later (1976) Ready, Hansen and Benzer would name the "morphogenetic furrow". While it is too late to hear from August Weismann, it is a particular pleasure to be able to include a chapter in this Volume from the first author of that 1976 paper: Don Ready! These past 25 years have seen an astonishing explosion in the study of the fly eye (see Fig.