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Im 20. Jahrhundert wurden einige der aufkommenden Umweltvereinbarungen so gestaltet, dass sie starke wirtschaftliche Anreize bieten. Gleichzeitig fanden Umweltverpflichtungen ihren Weg in Handelsabkommen. Daraus ergaben sich Konflikte zwischen handelsbeschrankenden Umweltmassnahmen und GATT / WTO-Normen zum Schutz des freien Marktes. Zudem loste die aufkommende Umweltkrise eine Debatte uber die Einbeziehung von Umweltwerten auf der WTO-Ebene aus. Die Themen waren jahrzehntelang Gegenstand von Diskussionen im GATT / WTO. Unterdessen haben regionale Handelsvereinbarungen eine Plattform fur die Vereinbarung von Umweltverpflichtungen mit dem Freihandel vorbereitet. Diese Vereinbarungen werden als Rechtsinstrumente auf ihre Eignung gepruft, konkurrierende Handels- und Umweltwerte in Einklang zu bringen.
Can trade liberalization and environmental protection be pursued together, or do the two objectives inevitably conflict? The rapid evolution of international regimes and institutions is increasingly bringing such conflicts to the fore. A consensus, both on the extent of the clash, and on how it can be resolved, does not yet exist. This volume includes the proceedings from the RIIA's April 1997 conference on trade and the environment, which brought together prominent contributors from all sides of the debate, including industry, governments, academics, NG0s and intergovernmental institutions such as the World Trade Organization, UNEP, UNCTAD and the OECD. They examine the background to the issue; the impacts of trade-related environmental measures; the relationship between environmental policy, competitiveness and investment; industry and developing country concerns; and the evolution of dispute settlement procedures in the EU and the WTO. The concluding chapter features a wide-ranging discussion on the future of the debate and of the WTO's Committee on Trade and Environment.
Reference tool to facilitate broader understanding and awareness of relationship between environment and trade which can then become the basis on which fair and environmentally sustainable policies and trade flows are built.
Doktorarbeit / Dissertation aus dem Jahr 2012 im Fachbereich Jura - Europarecht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: The dissertation investigated the interrelationship among three variables: International law, environment and sovereignty. The environmental issue has move beyond local and even national boundaries into the foreign policy debate, since actions in one country have an adverse environmental effects on the others. As a consequence, public interests has intensified, in the light of high profile trade and environmental concerns that extends into some of those new sensitive areas such as the role of science in risk management, the conservation of endangered species, the cross border movement of Genetically Modified Organisms and measures to protect public health. The study aimed at searching for the common contradictions among the three variables in the dissertation, with focus on the Cartagena Protocol. The study was undertaken by using the integration of two stages of approaches: employing a multiple empirical study as topics of an interview oriented method; and applying theoretical devices to guide the dimensions of the conceptual framework and the interpretive findings. The data were collected from sources that included books, journals, official documents, Internet websites and interviews. From all these generated ideas, analysis of the dynamics of trade and environmental issues between regimes and member states were carried out. The findings from the study showed that liberalization and expansion of the trade regime have resulted in a unique organizational structure and developed various non-trade related issues; MEAs’ trade measures have been negotiated by different aims and desires from the WTO’s environment related rules. In the case of Biosafety Protocol, there were dilemmas during negotiations on conditions that aimed to make strong rules possible. The study found out that the WTO and the Cartagena Protocol on Diversity will impose slightly different regulations as against the sovereign laws on biosafety. Hence, the relationship between the WTO and the Biosafety Protocol Agreements has led to debates over their extremes; and constitutionalism of regimes has also raised judicial power over bureaucratic power. It is recommended that the complexity of international negotiations and disputes from potential tensions can also be prevented by encouraging an exchange of experts between MEAs and the WTO.
The growing body of WTO jurisprudence is of profound significance for the development of the general body of international law. With this in mind, Environmental Sovereignty and the WTO succinctly examines how the WTO law can contribute to achieving coherence between general international law, international environmental law and international trade law and avoid conflicts between trade liberalization and global environmental protection. Professor Condon argues that these three branches of law are generally consistent with each other in the area of international law where they intersect. However, WTO jurisprudence can benefit from a more explicit analysis, provided here, of the way that panel decisions fit into the general framework of international law. No law reforms are currently needed to facilitate this task. As the text shows, it is a matter of using the current WTO rules to resolve conflicts between treaties such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and to determine the circumstances in which unilateral trade measures should be permitted. The topics addressed in Environmental Sovereignty and the WTO will be of considerable interest to a broad audience given the global political controversy over American unilateralism, the fairness of WTO rules to poor countries, and the effect of trade rules on efforts to protect the global environment. However, the book addresses these controversial issues without sacrificing academic rigour and will appeal to a scholarly and professional audience seeking new approaches to addressing the problems raised by the globalization of law. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint.
This volume provides a framework for the doctrinal foundation of sustainable development as a principle of integration in international law. The work departs from the fragmented nature of the international legal system, a system that lacks integrative principles for creating coherent relations between, for example, the international trade regime of the WTO and multilateral environmental agreements. The specific focus is on a legal analysis of potential normative conflicts between climate measures as regulated by the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, in particular the flexibility instruments of international emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism, and the rules of the WTO. Attention is then given to the application of sustainable development as a principle of integration in relation to these conflicts. The book takes on several important, timely and demanding tasks related to the urgent global challenge of climate change and the capacity of international law to deal with complex and multifaceted issues. It addresses in particular: a [ The relations between various international legal regimes, especially between international trade law and climate law, a [ The legal status of sustainable development as a principle of international law, and a [ The analysis of interpretative methods and of principles that may serve to address conflicts between rules pertaining to different legal regimes. Here, integration as part of legal reasoning becomes particularly relevant.
From Exception to Promotion: Re-Thinking the Relationship between International Trade and Environmental Law tells a new, unconventional story of the nexus between international trade and environmental law - a story in which the keyword is synergy rather than conflict, and where the trade regime was always meant for something greater than simply trade liberalization. This ‘something greater’ was peace in the first half of the 20th century. Today, it is sustainable development, environmental protection, and social inclusion. Environmental protection is therefore neither antithetical to the overarching purpose of the trading system nor simply a ‘non-trade’ issue to be incorporated within the trade regime, but rather part of its very nature and purpose. By telling this ‘untold’ story of the nexus, this book intends to raise historical awareness and open a constructive discussion on the future of the trade regime and of international economic law governance at large.