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Annotation This report identifies challenges at all levels in the formal education system. Among the topics discussed are equity in education, education finance, and coverage and structure of the education system.
This section begins by looking at the number of children who are out of schoolsome of whom have attended school at some point. It then presents the structure of national systems of compulsory education in order to identify the trajectories by which pupils progress -- or not -- through the education system. When are children meant to enter school and what are the ages that are supposed to be covered by the system? How effective is the policy concerning compulsory education? Does it cover all children? Do they start on time? The section ends with a description of the main patterns of school progression found across the world.
This report, produced with the help of Madagascar's national education team in 2006-07, is designed to contribute to ongoing education reform discussions. It analyzes the constraints to system expansion and presents possible next steps for an appropriate course of action. This report aims to encourage discussion among policymakers, stakeholders and donors, and does not promote one approach over another. To promote a more competitive economy in Madagascar in the 21st century, the government expects to increase the average years of schooling from the current 4.5 years to about 9-10 years by 2015.
This booklet discusses strategies for reducing repetition of grades by students at primary, secondary, and higher education levels. Large numbers of pupils repeat their grades every year, and these repetition rates are considered good indicators of an educational system's effectiveness. A high repetition rate indicates that a large number of pupils have not reached the level of learning achievement expected of them. Causes of repetition are varied and not easily detectable and probably vary from one country to another, within a country, from school to school, and from one educational level to another. Some strategies for reducing repetition are targeted at the children and their home environment; others are more closely related to the school, the content, and the teaching methods; and still others have to do with the overall policy and system. The author warns against any drastic legal type of intervention and argues in favor of combining various measures so as to arrive at a comprehensive, multipronged strategy. (Contains 63 references.) (DFR)
With challenges similar to those faced by a number of low income countries, Madagascar faces critical policy choices with respect to post-basic education. Enrolment ratios in senior secondary education and tertiary education are 10 percent and 3 percent, respectively, among the lowest in the world. Critical skill shortages and pervasive inequities in access necessitate changes in the quantity and quality of education and skills. The increasing number of basic education completers and demographic growth are mounting pressure on the government to expand access to post-basic education. Responding to these economic and social challenges, the government has made the transformation of education one of the key priorities of the Madagascar Action Plan. However, low domestic revenues and competing demands from other sectors, including basic education, limit the room for maneuver. Caught between these two pincers, policy makers often choose to sacrifice quality over expanding access or are unable to develop a long term vision. 'Developing the Workforce, Shaping the Future' presents Madagascar s core challenges and argues persuasively that the time for transforming the post-basic education system is now. It documents the poor performance of the post-basic education system in the areas of quality and relevance, internal efficiency, equity and financial inefficiency. The report presents a sequence of prioritization of reforms, focusing on improving education content and linkages with the economy, increasing coverage cost-effectively through the adoption of new planning norms for public institutions, utilization of the private sector and innovations in open/flexible learning and creating the enabling framework through reforms of governance, finance and management. The report provides a convincing reform scenario for a low income country, with actions to be undertaken in the medium and long term to sustain the development of post-basic education in an environment of limited public resources and implementation capacity. Policy makers in other developing countries will find this report useful to gauge their own strategies for post basic education.
First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.