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Abstract: Budget formulation process is the phase where the decisions are made regarding the allocation of resources. This process should reflect the objectives of the government, which consequently should mirror the priorities of citizens. Post January 2011 Revolution, Egypt witnessed economic, social and political challenges that affected the overall government performance. Due to the intrinsic role of the State budget at political, social and economic levels, specific attention was directed to its efficiency and effectiveness. Consequently, it is normal to question its ability to achieve the stated objectives, especially with the increasing demands of transparency, accountability and social justice. This attention paves the way for introducing reform initiatives for public financial management system in Egypt. Therefore, as a step to understand the foundation of the State budget process in Egypt, this research assesses the budget formulation process in Egypt within the framework of good governance in both the executive and legislative authorities against international standards. Also this research examines the significant factors affecting the process and the extent to which the legal and political contexts in Egypt help improve budget formulation process. Hence, this study provides a roadmap for the government, containing the prerequisites for enhancing budget formulation process in Egypt. In light of these prerequisites, the government should focus on the institutional aspects that include; moving to program-based budget, adopting fiscal decentralization, merging preparation of the recurrent and investment budget under one authority and applying monitoring and evaluation system. Nevertheless, concentrating on the institutional aspects should be in line with other legal and political ones.
This Manual deals with concepts, definitions, and procedures for the compilation of statistics on government finance. It is intended as a reference tool for those who are called upon to prepare or evaluate such statistics. Focusing on financial transactions such as taxing, borrowing, spending, and lending, the Manual emphasizes the summarization and organization of statistics appropriate for analysis, planning, and policy determination.
This paper presents, for the first time, multi-dimensional indices of the quality of budget institutions in low-income countries. The indices allow for benchmarking against the performance of middle-income countries, across regions, and according to different institutional arrangements that deliver good fiscal performance. Using the constructed indices, the paper provides preliminary empirical support for the hypotheses that strong budget institutions help improve fiscal balances and public external debt outcomes; and countries with stronger fiscal institutions have better scope to conduct countercyclical policies.
An investigation into the process of management accounting change triggered by IT implementation, comparing Enterprise Resource Planning with custom software in relation to change in management accounting rules and routines. This empirical study is based on four real cases from a transitional country (Egypt).
Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt: Facts and Perceptions Across People, Time, and Space comprises four papers prepared in the framework of the Egypt inequality study financed by the World Bank. The first paper, by Sherine Al-Shawarby, reviews the studies on inequality in Egypt since the 1950s with the double objective of illustrating the importance attributed to inequality through time and of presenting and compare the main published statistics on inequality. The second paper, by Branko Milanovic, turns to the global and spatial dimensions of inequality. The Egyptian society remains deeply divided across space and in terms of welfare, and this study unveils some of the hidden features of this inequality. The third paper, by Paolo Verme, studies facts and perceptions of inequality during the 2000-2009 period, which preceded the Egyptian revolution. The fourth paper, by Sahar El Tawila, May Gadallah, and Enas Ali A.El-Majeed, assesses the state of poverty and inequality among the poorest villages of Egypt. The paper attempts to explain the level of inequality in an effort to disentangle those factors that derive from household abilities from those factors that derive from local opportunities. Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt provides some initial elements that could explain the apparent mismatch between inequality measured with household surveys and inequality aversion measured by values surveys. This is a particularly important and timely topic to address in light of the unfolding developments in the Arab region. The book should be of interest to any observer of the political and economic evolution of the Arab region in the past few years and to poverty and inequality specialists interested in a deeper understanding of the distribution of incomes in Egypt and other countries in the Middle East and North Africa region. World Bank Studies are available individually or on standing order. The World Bank Studies series is also available online through the Open Knowledge Repository (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/) and the World Bank e-Library (www.worldbank.org/elibrary). Book jacket.