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It is well known that British and American English differ substantially in their pronunciation and vocabulary - but differences in their grammar have largely been underestimated. This volume focuses on British–American differences in the structure of words and sentences and supports them with computer-aided studies of large text collections. Present-day as well as earlier forms of the two varieties are included in the analyses. This makes it the first book-length treatment of British and American English grammar in contrast, with topics ranging from compound verbs to word order differences and tag questions. The authors explore some of the better-known contrasts, as well as a great variety of innovative themes that have so far received little or no consideration. Bringing together the work of a team of leading scholars in the field, this book will be of interest to those working within the fields of English historical linguistics, language variation and change, and dialectology.
The future of English linguistics as envisaged by the editors of Topics in English Linguistics lies in empirical studies which integrate work in English linguistics into general and theoretical linguistics on the one hand, and comparative linguistics on the other. The TiEL series features volumes that present interesting new data and analyses, and above all fresh approaches that contribute to the overall aim of the series, which is to further outstanding research in English linguistics.
Dear student: Thank you for taking an interest in this book. We are sure that you will be very glad you did, why? Simply because once you have worked through the straightforward systems, the easy explanations and the practical exercises found here, you will be able to do the following with confidence:* Use Ser and Estar accurately.* Choose intelligently between the Preterite and Imperfect Past.* Know how to say WAS and WERE correctly in Spanish.* Understand and utilise the Perfect Past tenses....and so much more. Talking in the Past is a challenge you can overcome!This book has been designed and written for every passionate student of the Spanish language who currently struggles to talk in the past. We have created some simple-to-follow systems that clear up the mystery of when and how to choose each tense correctly. Just work through the book in the order that we have presented it to you and we promise you that the mists will clear and any confusion you may have had in the past, about the past, will disappear forever. un saludo, Gordon y Cynthia.
This groundbreaking undergraduate textbook on modern Standard English grammar is the first to be based on the revolutionary advances of the authors' previous work, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002). The analyses defended there are outlined here more briefly, in an engagingly accessible and informal style. Errors of the older tradition of English grammar are noted and corrected, and the excesses of prescriptive usage manuals are firmly rebutted in specially highlighted notes that explain what older authorities have called 'incorrect' and show why those authorities are mistaken. This book is intended for students in colleges or universities who have little or no previous background in grammar, and presupposes no linguistics. It contains exercises, and will provide a basis for introductions to grammar and courses on the structure of English not only in linguistics departments but also in English language and literature departments and schools of education.
Get up close and master Spanish past-tense verbs As you study Spanish you may view past-tense verbs as obstacles to your full understanding of the language. Learning past-tense verbs can be one of the most frustrating aspects of studying Spanish grammar, but it is also one of the most important for being understood and following what others say. By adding Spanish past-tense verbs to your range of language skills, you will open up a whole new world of communication. With plenty of opportunities for practice, practice, practice, Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Past-Tense Verbs Up Close helps you better understand the nuances of this tricky grammar element and develop your skills and confidence as a Spanish speaker with: Easy-to-absorb explanatory materials, examples, and exercises Authoritative guidance on the different verb forms and when to use them A comprehensive answer key that not only gives you the correct solutions to the exercises but explains the why behind them
Solve the mysteries of Spanish irregular verbs Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Irregular Verbs Up Close puts the spotlight on this tricky grammar trouble spot. It boasts plenty of opportunities for practicing your language skills, as well as extensive examples based on a conversational style that will keep you engaged. The book also features a unique answer key that gives you more than just a listing of correct answers; it clues you in on the "why" behind them. This book includes: Hundreds of exercises for practice, practice, practice A helpful answer key that provides detailed explanatory material for all answers Includes a special TurboVerb (TM) chart, developed by the author, that sorts out your difficulties with irregular verbs--tense by tense Topics include: Overview of the Spanish Verb System, The Four Microsystems of the Spanish Verb System, Present System I: Present Indicative, Present System II: Present Subjunctive, Present System III: Imperatives, Infinitive System I: Imperfect Indicative, Infinitive System II: Future, Infinitive System III: Conditional, Preterite System I: Preterite Indicative, Preterite System II: Imperfect Subjunctive, Participial System I: Gerund for Progressives, Participial System II: Past Participle for All Seven Perfect Tenses, Participial System III: Past Participle for the Passive Voice and as Adjective
This comprehensive examination of tense and grammatical aspect provides fascinating insight into how languages indicate distinctions of time. Providing an in-depth survey of the scholarship from the ancient Greeks through the 1980s, Time and the Verb explains and evaluates every major issue and theory, concentrating on familiar Classical and modern European languages. An invaluable reference tool as well as a major contribution to the history of linguistic sciences, this book will be the standard against which future work on tense and aspect is measured.
This book studies the linguistic representation of events by examining the relevance of two salient event characteristics-- telicity and durativity-- to the grammatical system of natural language. The study of events, and of event characteristics, is an important testing ground for theories on the boundary between extralinguistic and linguistic knowledge, and on the relation between semantics and syntax. Telicity and durativity are notions which have become increasingly influential in both the semantic and the syntactic, i.e., grammaticalized, representation of events. The book furthers the understanding of events through the comparison of two genetically and typologically distinct languages, German and Dëne Suliné (Chipewyan/Athapaskan), an indigenous language of Northwestern Canada. It contains the first in-depth documentation of the aspectual system of Dëne Suliné, and a careful analysis of the aspectual behaviour of German particle verbs. A stringent methodology considers semantic, pragmatic, and grammatical factors in both languages. The data reveal that telicity and durativity belong to profoundly different semantic and grammatical domains, and that neither notion is grammaticalized universally. While both notions are represented semantically in German as well as in Dëne Suliné, telicity is grammaticalized only in the former and durativity is grammaticalized only in the latter.
"Novel about a young black girl coming of age in Philadelphia in the late '80s and early '90s"--
This book is the first book-length study on the Swedish present perfect. It provides an in-depth exploration of the present perfect in English, German and Swedish. It is claimed that only a discourse-based ExtendedNow-approach fully accounts for the present perfect. The main claim is that the length of the ExtendedNow-interval varies cross-linguistically. The book is couched within the framework of the Discourse Representation Theory and also within Distributed Morphology. It is shown that Swedish provides empirical evidence against all previous research in the field. The following questions are investigated: Is it possible to assign a single uniform meaning to the present perfect? How can we account for the different readings of the perfect? How can we account for the cross-linguistic variation? These issues are addressed from a comparative perspective by integrating previous research on the present perfect. This book is of interest to all those working in the field of tense and aspect.