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Volume 7 documents Grant's winter of discontent. In late December, his Mississippi Central campaign, an overland drive toward Vicksburg, was fatally dis­rupted by Confederate cavalry raids. Forced to withdraw northward, Grant could not apply pressure on the enemy when Major General William T. Sher­man attacked Vicksburg directly. Sher­man suffered a disastrous repulse at Chickasaw Bayou, and Grant pulled back to Memphis and, during the win­ter, continued to cope with the myriad administrative problems of his de­partment. Balancing the North's need for cotton against the need to prevent cash from flowing to the enemy created constant tension. Infuriated by unscrupulous cotton speculators, Grant issued orders on December 17 expelling the Jews from his department. This controversial and puzzling document receives extensive analysis in this volume.
When Vicksburg fell, Washington promoted Grant to major general in the U.S. Army, which meant that Grant, already a major general of volunteers, would retain his rank after the war. Only three other officers on active duty held this rank, none of them commanding in the field. At Vicksburg Grant supervised the parole of 30,000pris­oners. His victory there had opened trade on the Mississippi; for a short time his duty also consisted of making sure the Union, not the Confederacy, benefited from this newly opened route. At the end of August Grant went to New Orleans to confer about an attack on Mobile, Alabama. After being sidelined fol­lowing a fall from his horse--which revived rumors of his drinking--Grant entered Chattanooga to open a supply line to besieged Chickamauga, Georgia. He then coordinated an assault that delivered Chickamauga into Union hands, and before the end of the year he had driven the Confederates from Tennessee. Congress voted him a gold medal, discussed a bill to revive the rank of lieutenant general, and both parties considered him as a potential candidate for Congress. Grant carefully composed his letters to discourage his political supporters. As usual, Grant meant what he said: he was a soldier who wanted the oppor­tunity to fulfill his responsibility.
Following the 1862-63 winter of dis­content, Grant suddenly launched a brilliant campaign against Vicksburg which ultimately bisected the Confeder­acy. A long campaign, which had begun in November 1862, with an advance from Tennessee down the Mississippi Central Railroad and a premature assault on Vicksburg in December by troops under Sherman, and which had been fol­lowed by long months of false starts and apparent inactivity in the bayou country north of the city and across the Mis­sissippi River in Louisiana, suddenly reached a quick and dramatic conclu­sion, as the events in this volume show.
These papers cover Grant's post-presidential tour and his comments on the war and his presidency.
Grant deals with criticism as parties squabble and inflation threatens.
This volume provides material that will allow a fresh evaluation of Grant's activities following Appomattox. In April Grant commanded an army of more than 1,000,000 men maintained at enormous cost. Disbanding this army took priority. By mid-July, more than two-thirds of the volunteers had been mustered out. Grant as peacemaker exerted his power to protect his former adversaries. He opposed prosecuting Southern military leaders, including Robert E. Lee and others who had been indicted for treason. The South had to accept defeat, but Grant was no believer in a Carthaginian peace. Two military tasks remained. Grant sent his two most trusted subordinates to solve these problems: Major General Philip H. Sheridan to pressure the French in Mexico and Major General William T. Sherman to keep settlers and Indians apart. During the summer, Grant drafted his report on the last year of the war. The style as well as the substance of the report attracted widespread attention. It also made clear Grant's mastery of events during that terrible year.