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North America's Indian peoples have always viewed competitive sport as something more than a pastime. The northeastern Indians' ball-and-stick game that would become lacrosse served both symbolic and practical functions—preparing young men for war, providing an arena for tribes to strengthen alliances or settle disputes, and reinforcing religious beliefs and cultural cohesion. Today a multimillion-dollar industry, lacrosse is played by colleges and high schools, amateur clubs, and two professional leagues. In Lacrosse: A History of the Game, Donald M. Fisher traces the evolution of the sport from the pre-colonial era to the founding in 2001 of a professional outdoor league—Major League Lacrosse—told through the stories of the people behind each step in lacrosse's development: Canadian dentist George Beers, the father of the modern game; Rosabelle Sinclair, who played a large role in the 1950s reinforcing the feminine qualities of the women's game; "Father Bill" Schmeisser, the Johns Hopkins University coach who worked tirelessly to popularize lacrosse in Baltimore; Syracuse coach Laurie Cox, who was to lacrosse what Yale's Walter Camp was to football; 1960s Indian star Gaylord Powless, who endured racist taunts both on and off the field; Oren Lyons and Wes Patterson, who founded the inter-reservation Iroquois Nationals in 1983; and Gary and Paul Gait, the Canadian twins who were All-Americans at Syracuse University and have dominated the sport for the past decade. Throughout, Fisher focuses on lacrosse as contested ground. Competing cultural interests, he explains, have clashed since English settlers in mid-nineteenth-century Canada first appropriated and transformed the "primitive" Mohawk game of tewaarathon, eventually turning it into a respectable "gentleman's" sport. Drawing on extensive primary research, he shows how amateurs and professionals, elite collegians and working-class athletes, field- and box-lacrosse players, Canadians and Americans, men and women, and Indians and whites have assigned multiple and often conflicting meanings to North America's first—and fastest growing—team sport.
From its origins as a Normal School founded on the outskirts of town in 1909 to a regional university of over 9,000 students, the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse has changed dramatically from its humble beginnings. The end of the Second World War marked a dramatic change in higher education both locally and nationally. Enrollment figures bolstered by the GI bill skyrocketed as students and veterans descended on campuses nationwide. The increased enrollment along with the changing demands of the postwar generation and economy fueled far-reaching change in the character and culture of UWL or as it was known in the postwar era, La Crosse State Teachers College. One of the most pressing issues on the minds of students and administrators during the postwar period was housing to accommodate for the overall rise in enrollment. This led to drastic measures taken by the college including the construction of Quonset huts, married student housing, and the conversion of the Main Hall basement into makeshift dorms. Another major change explored in this paper is the transformation of the curriculum during the postwar period which was characterized by a growth of the liberal arts and expansion of the curriculum to include options outside teacher preparation. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how Wisconsin State Teachers College represented a wider trend in higher education of increased access, expanding enrollment, enlarging curriculum options, specifically the growth of the liberal arts.
Historians in recent years have paid considerable attention to sport and leisure in the past, and historians of education are no exception. The chapters in this book showcase the breadth and depth of scholarship in this area, bringing new perspectives to bear on the history of physical education in several different European countries. Ranging from schoolgirl cricket in early postwar England to the varying approaches to physical education in the nineteenth-century Netherlands, the contributions all emphasise the importance of physical education to wider conceptions of education for citizenship. A number of chapters tackle issues in gender history, while others focus on the effects – often unintended – of policy-makers and the conflicts that could arise from the imposition of new physical education curricula. Covering England, Scotland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Greece, this book features the work of both established and emerging scholars, and is an important contribution to the historiography of both education and sport. This book was originally published as a special issue of History of Education.
This book offers an illustrated encyclopedia that can be used as a reference work for the Civil War as well as for recreational reading.