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Third-generation Norweigan-American Rolf M. Nilsestuen summarizes hundreds of pages of documented evidence and proves conclusively that Norwegians were in Minnesota in 1362. The book includes works by Holand, Landsverk, and Hall, as well as a series of articles by Dr. Richard Nielsen that refute every negative argument and attest every word and symbol with new evidence from medieval documents. The Kensington Runestone Vindicated exposes the hoax perpetrated by Wahlgren and Wallace and reveals the shameful neglect of this matter by the Smithsonian Institution. With a liberal dose of common sense, human understanding, and Scandinavian wit, Nilsestuen brings this somewhat esoteric subject down to earth. Contents: Introduction; History; The Discovery; The Evidence; Weathering; Mooring Holes; Norse Artifacts; The Mandans; The Verendre Stone; Additional Finds; The Inscription; The Runes; The Numerals; Wahlgren; Wahlgren vs. The Evidence; Vikings in America; Other Critics; Dr. Erik Molke; Birgitta L. Wallace; Olof Ohman; Summary; Conclusion; Epilogue; The Runestone vs. the Smithsonian; The Newport Tower.
Controversy about the so-called Kensington stone, found in Minnesota in 1898 - whether it is an authentic Rune stone left by Pre-Columbian explorers from Scandinavia.
In 1898, a farmer in northwestern Minnesota unearthed a large stone engraved with what appeared to be Norse runes carved in 1362. Could medieval Scandinavians have penetrated deep into mainland North America over a century before Columbus discovered the New World? Does the stone provide evidence that forces a rewrite of American history, or was it merely a well-executed hoax? In the absence of written records documenting a Norse expedition into Minnesota, most historians have dismissed the Kensington Runestone as a forgery. However, Kehoe approaches the question holistically. She examines not only historical and literary evidence, but also brings in data from archaeology, geology, linguistics, and biological anthropology. She concludes that the stones authenticity should not be dismissed as readily as it has been so far, even if that means re-thinking deeply ingrained ideas about contact between Europeans and indigenous Americans.
Research exploring the translation and meaning of the Kensington Runestone.
A grand tour of the North Star State's geographical, political, and human history, including travelers' guides to historic destinations.
The story of the Vikings in North America as both fact and fiction, from the westward expansion of the Norse across the North Atlantic in the tenth and eleventh centuries to the myths and fabrications about their presence there that have developed in recent centuries. Tracking the saga of the Norse across the North Atlantic to America, Norse America sets the record straight about the idea that the Vikings 'discovered' America. The journey described is a continuum, with evidence-based history and archaeology at one end, and fake history and outright fraud at the other. In between there lies a huge expanse of uncertainty: sagas that may contain shards of truth, characters that may be partly historical, real archaeology that may be interpreted through the fictions of saga, and fragmentary evidence open to responsible and irresponsible interpretation. Norse America is a book that tells two stories. The first is the westward expansion of the Norse across the North Atlantic in the tenth and eleventh centuries, ending (but not culminating) in a fleeting and ill-documented presence on the shores of the North American mainland. The second is the appropriation and enhancement of the westward narrative by Canadians and Americans who want America to have had white North European origins, who therefore want the Vikings to have 'discovered' America, and who in the advancement of that thesis have been willing to twist and manufacture evidence in support of claims grounded in an ideology of racial superiority.
The Kensington Runestone is a 200-pound slab of greywacke covered in runes on its face and side which, if genuine, would suggest that Scandinavian explorers reached the middle of North America in the 14th century. It was found in 1898 in the largely rural township of Solem, Douglas County, Minnesota, and named after the nearest settlement, Kensington. Almost all Runologists and experts in Scandinavian linguistics consider the runestone to be a hoax. The runestone has been analyzed and dismissed repeatedly without local effect. The community of Kensington is solidly behind the runestone, which has transcended its original cultural purposes and has "taken on a life of its own".--Wikipedia, Nov. 2011.
Hired by the king of Sweden to authenticate an odd stone unearthed by a Minnesota farmer, Sherlock Holmes soon finds himself investigating theft and murder as well.