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This dissertation examines the intricate landscape of brand-consumer interactions on social media in the context of sociopolitical activism. The three essays of the dissertation explore different aspects of this field, such as gaps in existing literature, the determinants of brand activism strategies on social media, and the impact of brand-consumer dialogues on sociopolitical issues. The innovative approach taken in this dissertation involves the use of machine learning and text analysis methods, including topic modeling, semantic textual similarity, and sentiment analysis, to analyze millions of tweets related to sociopolitical issues. The first chapter of the dissertation is a comprehensive examination of existing literature on consumer and brand activism. Using a framework-based analysis method on 52 peer-reviewed academic articles published in top-tier journals between 2000 and 2023, the study employs the Theory-Context-Characteristics-Method (TCCM) literature review approach to evaluate current activism literature. However, the chapter also highlights the limitations of the framework in fully capturing the complex dynamics of activism. To address this gap, the chapter introduces a novel four-step literature review methodology that incorporates an "ACTION" framework, providing a more nuanced understanding of consumer and brand activism. The study identifies significant gaps in current research, emphasizing the need for further investigation into the impact of consumer activism on targeted brands, a comprehensive understanding of the drivers and mechanisms of brand activism strategies, and the role of brand-consumer dialogues in the mechanism of activism. The second chapter of the dissertation aims to fill the research gaps identified in the first chapter by investigating the drivers and mechanisms behind brand activism strategies. Specifically, the research focuses on how the largest brands respond to sociopolitical issues, such as Black Lives Matter, COVID-19 policies, or LGBTQIA issues, when their peers and consumers tweet about them. The study reveals that brands evaluate the potential risks of taking a stand or remaining silent by monitoring the social media activities of both peer brands and consumers. Contrary to conventional wisdom, brands are equally attentive to the activism of peers outside their industry as they are to direct competitors inside their industry. In the third essay of this dissertation, the focus is on exploring the influence of consumer activism on brands through conversations on controversial sociopolitical issues, such as the 2022 Russian invasion and humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. This area of research was identified as a gap in the initial literature review. The study investigates the effects of consumer "callouts" and "shoutouts" on brands and reveals that brand activism is connected to both types of interactions. Furthermore, the study provides a thorough understanding of how consumer activism on sociopolitical issues may affect performance of targeted brands through brand-consumer dialogues. The findings indicate that shoutouts have a positive correlation with the brand's stock market performance, while callouts have a negative impact on both user engagement and daily stock returns. In summary, the three chapters of the dissertation build upon each other to provide a comprehensive understanding of brand and consumer activism. The first chapter provides a comprehensive review of the literature and identifies key research gaps, proposing a novel framework to connect both consumer and brand activism through two-way brand-consumer dialogues. The second chapter addresses a crucial knowledge gap in understanding the antecedents of brand activism decisions on social media, offering insights into how brands can effectively leverage data from peer brands' recent activist statements to determine their own activism strategies. Finally, the third chapter introduces a novel approach to quantify social media consumer activism by utilizing the auditory associations of "shoutouts" and "callouts" to categorize the tones of consumer social media activism. This chapter's findings contribute to the understanding of the impact of brand and consumer sociopolitical activism, highlighting the importance of multi-actor dialogues in comprehending the complex relationship between brands and consumers. Overall, this dissertation provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in understanding the importance of brand-consumer sociopolitical dialogues on social media and navigating the complexities of social media activism. Brand managers can use the findings to effectively engage with consumers on social media and make informed decisions about their activism strategies, while academic researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the drivers and impact of brand-consumer interactions on social media on divisive sociopolitical issues. Across the three chapters, the dissertation highlights the importance of understanding the complex dynamics of social media activism and the potential for brands to make a positive impact on society while building relationships with their customers.
Brands are facing heightened consumer pressure to address social issues via social media channels. However, the social media strategy that brands should employ during social activism is still unclear. We clarify the conditions under which brands' social media strategies (i.e., specific response or lack thereof) in the wake of social activism impact consumers' brand evaluations, as well as effective social media responses that brands can use to engage in social issues. Using a series of experiments conducted on various outcome variables (e.g., brand attitudes, purchase intent, word-of-mouth, and social media engagement), we find that brand relationship type (exchange, communal) affects how consumers react to brands' social media strategies during social activism. When brands' social media strategy is to not respond to social activism or to utilize a low empathy response, consumers evaluate communal brands less favorably than exchange brands. This difference in evaluations is attenuated when brands utilize a high empathy response on social media to engage in social activism conversations. We attribute these findings to differences in the extent to which social media strategies of communal versus exchange brands are perceived to comply with relationship norms during social activism. Our findings contribute to the literature on firms' social media strategies for engaging in social activism, brand relationships, and crisis communication. Our research can help practitioners develop appropriate social media strategies in the wake of social activism and assist social activists in gaining brand support for greater societal benefits.
Within the past ten years, social media such as Twitter, Facebook, MySpace, YouTube, Flickr, and others have grown at a tremendous rate, enlisting an astronomical number of users. Social media have inevitably become an integral part of the contemporary classroom, of advertising and public relations industries, of political campaigning, and of numerous other aspects of our daily existence. Social Media: Usage and Impact, edited by Hana S. Noor Al-Deen and John Allen Hendricks, provides a comprehensive and scholarly analysis of social media. Designed as a reader for upper-level undergraduate and graduate level courses, this volume explores the emerging role and impact of social media as they evolve. The contributors examine the implementation and effect of social media in various environments, including educational settings, strategic communication (often considered to be a merging of advertising and public relations), politics, and legal and ethical issues. All chapters constitute original researchwhile using varied research methodologies for analyzing and presenting information about social media. Social Media: Usage and Impact is a tremendous source for educators, practitioners (such as those in advertising, PR, and media industries), andlibrarians, among others. This collection is an essential resource for any media technology course. With the rapid proliferation and adoption of social media, it is a juggernaut that must be addressed in the higher education curriculum and research.
Learn to utilize social media strategies that inspire behavior change in any landscape Strategic Social Media: From Marketing to Social Change, Second Edition combines best social media marketing practices with the application of traditional communication, behavior change, and marketing theories. More than a basic "how-to" guide, this innovative resource balances social media theory and real-world practice in a variety of areas, including advocacy, public health, entertainment, and education. With a clear and readable style, the authors explain the power and possibilities of social media to influence personal relationships and social change. The media environment of today is more mobile, visual, and personalized than ever before. In the second edition of Strategic Social Media, the authors incorporate advances in the field such as enhanced visual communication, digital experience sharing, omnichannel marketing, IoT, artificial intelligence, mass personalization, and social e-commerce. An entirely new chapter on utilizing social media for personal branding efforts is accompanied by new and updated examples, action plans, business models, and international case studies throughout. Covers all key aspects of strategic social media: landscape, messages, marketing and business models, social change, and the future Highlights opportunities to break down barriers with institutions of power, achieve greater transparency, and mobilize users through social media Contains social media strategies readers can apply to any past, present, or future social media platform Helps practitioners make better decisions about brand objectives and evaluate and monitor social media marketing efforts Provides clear guidance on crafting social media messages that reach intended audiences and ignite dialogue and behavior change Offering comprehensive coverage of both the theory and practice of facilitating behavior change in social media audiences, Strategic Social Media: From Marketing to Social Change, Second Edition, is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in digital and social media marketing courses, social media practitioners, entrepreneurs, digital content creators, journalists, activists, and marketing and public relations professionals.
The Dark Side of Social Media takes a consumer psychology perspective to online consumer behavior in the context of social media, focusing on concerns for consumers, organizations, and brands. Using the concepts of digital drama and digital over-engagement, established as well as emerging scholars in marketing, advertising, and communications present research on some unintended consequences of social media including body shaming, online fraud, cyberbullying, online brand protests, social media addiction, privacy, and revenge pornography. It is a must-read for scholars, practitioners, and students interested in consumer psychology, consumer behavior, social media, advertising, marketing, sociology, science and technology management, public relations, and communication.
This book examines issues and implications of digital and social media marketing for emerging markets. These markets necessitate substantial adaptations of developed theories and approaches employed in the Western world. The book investigates problems specific to emerging markets, while identifying new theoretical constructs and practical applications of digital marketing. It addresses topics such as electronic word of mouth (eWOM), demographic differences in digital marketing, mobile marketing, search engine advertising, among others. A radical increase in both temporal and geographical reach is empowering consumers to exert influence on brands, products, and services. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and digital media are having a significant impact on the way people communicate and fulfil their socio-economic, emotional and material needs. These technologies are also being harnessed by businesses for various purposes including distribution and selling of goods, retailing of consumer services, customer relationship management, and influencing consumer behaviour by employing digital marketing practices. This book considers this, as it examines the practice and research related to digital and social media marketing.
The Dark Side of Social Media takes a consumer psychology perspective to online consumer behavior in the context of social media, focusing on concerns for consumers, organizations, and brands. Using the concepts of digital drama and digital over-engagement, established as well as emerging scholars in marketing, advertising, and communications present research on some unintended consequences of social media including body shaming, online fraud, cyberbullying, online brand protests, social media addiction, privacy, and revenge pornography. It is a must-read for scholars, practitioners, and students interested in consumer psychology, consumer behavior, social media, advertising, marketing, sociology, science and technology management, public relations, and communication.
What happens when businesses and their customers don't share the same values? Or, for that matter, when employees of a company don't share the same values as their executives? Welcome to the world of Brand Activism. Companies no longer have a choice. Brand Activism consists of business efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to promote or impede improvements in society. It is driven by a fundamental concern for the biggest and most urgent problems facing society. Brand Activism: From Purpose to Action is about how progressive businesses are taking stands to create a better world.
Brand management is firmly established as a core business and marketing activity. The research evidence on how consumers react to branding, however, is in constant evolution globally. This short-form book provides a comprehensive overview of research evidence on several core branding topics whilst acting as a catalyst for advancing future research and informing business practice. The book fills a gap created by prior volumes on branding that, although well- illustrated and explained, have often approached the subject in somewhat uncritical manner. The book represents a timely compendium on popular topics in branding and aims to be a valuable addition to knowledge in branding. The book focuses on reviewing research in branding and brand management, and proposes areas for expanding research in the field. Recognising the diversity of research in branding, the authors of this book, as active branding researchers, attempt to discuss the limitations of current research and provide insights for future explorations. The book will be of interest and a resource for academic researchers, branding practitioners, business students and policymakers who view branding as an evidence-oriented discipline.
Protest Politics in the Marketplace examines how social media has revolutionized the use and effectiveness of consumer activism. In her groundbreaking book, Caroline Heldman emphasizes that consumer activism is a democratizing force that improves political participation, self-governance, and the accountability of corporations and the government. She also investigates the use of these tactics by conservatives. Heldman analyzes the democratic implications of boycotting, socially responsible investing, social media campaigns, and direct consumer actions, highlighting the ways in which such consumer activism serves as a countervailing force against corporate power in politics. In Protest Politics in the Marketplace, she blends democratic theory with data, historical analysis, and coverage of consumer campaigns for civil rights, environmental conservation, animal rights, gender justice, LGBT rights, and other causes. Using an inter-disciplinary approach applicable to political theorists and sociologists, Americanists, and scholars of business, the environment, and social movements, Heldman considers activism in the marketplace from the Boston Tea Party to the present. In doing so, she provides readers with a clearer understanding of the new, permanent environment of consumer activism in which they operate.