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Eric Lax's The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat is the dramatic, untold story of the discovery of the first wonder drug, the men who led the way, and how it changed the modern world
The author sets the discovery and use of penicillin in the broader context of social and cultural changes across the world. He examines the drug's contributions to medicine and agriculture, and investigates the global spread of resistant bacteria as antibiotic use continues to rise.
The story of penicillin is one of the most exciting in modern-day medical science. Three years ago there was not enough of it in the United States to treat a single patient adequately. Now there is a sufficient amount for our Army, our Navy and our Allies, as well as a moderate supply for civilians. This spectacular change has been brought about through the untiring efforts of many groups. Indeed, it is a unique example of collaborative efforts -- scientific, industrial and administrative. It has been remarked many times that penicillin is the most remarkable anti-bacterial agent that has been discovered up to the present time. It is worthy of this reputation because it is so powerful against many different microbes and it is non-toxic. In this book, Mr. Ratcliff tells us in a most interesting way how penicillin was discovered and developed from the laboratory and test-tube stage through the stage of clinical testing and trials, to the present-day commercial production. - Foreword.
The history of penicillin.
The epic history of how antibiotics were born, saving millions of lives and creating a vast new industry known as Big Pharma. As late as the 1930s, virtually no drug intended for sickness did any good; doctors could set bones, deliver babies, and offer palliative care. That all changed in less than a generation with the discovery and development of a new category of medicine known as antibiotics. By 1955, the age-old evolutionary relationship between humans and microbes had been transformed, trivializing once-deadly infections. William Rosen captures this revolution with all its false starts, lucky surprises, and eccentric characters. He explains why, given the complex nature of bacteria—and their ability to rapidly evolve into new forms—the only way to locate and test potential antibiotic strains is by large-scale, systematic, trial-and-error experimentation. Organizing that research needs large, well-funded organizations and businesses, and so our entire scientific-industrial complex, built around the pharmaceutical company, was born. Timely, engrossing, and eye-opening, Miracle Cure is a must-read science narrative—a drama of enormous range, combining science, technology, politics, and economics to illuminate the reasons behind one of the most dramatic changes in humanity’s relationship with nature since the invention of agriculture ten thousand years ago.
The book gives a review of penicillin production by Penicillium chrysogenum, and also deals with a number of general aspects of fungal cultivations, e.g. primary metabolism of filamentous fungi, morphology, monitoring of fungal cultivations, and bioreactor performance (more than 750 references).The first two chapters give an introduction to the area of penicillin production; with a review of the history and a survey of the present status of this industrially very important process in the first chapter. In the second chapter is given an introduction to the microorganism, i.e. its nutritional requirements, its taxonomy, and an overview of different strain development programmes.Chapter 3 gives an introduction to the concept of Physiological Engineering. This is followed by a review of various monitoring techniques and different theoretical techniques for analysis of cultivation processes, e.g. mathematic modeling, metabolic flux analysis, and metabolic control analysis.Chapter 4 and 5 give a review of the metabolism, with the primary metabolism being the topic of Chapter 4 and the secondary metabolism, i.e. penicillin biosynthesis, being the topic of Chapter 5. The review of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway is followed by a description of a number of results obtained using metabolic flux and metabolic control analysis.Chapter 6 is devoted to the morphology of the fungus, and it gives a detailed description of the growth mechanisms of filamentous fungi.Chapter 7 deals with the bioreactor performance during fungal cultivations, i.e. medium rheology, gas-liquid mass transfer, and mixing.Finally is the fed-batch process applied for penicillin production described in Chapter 8. It gives an overview of the most important factors influencing penicillin production.
“An engrossing and ambitious novel that vividly portrays a critical time in American history.” — Booklist (starred review) “Enthralling. A Fierce Radiance shines with fascinating detail.... Belfer’s powerful portrayal of how people are changed in pursuit of a miracle makes this book an especially compelling read.” — Nancy Horan, author of Loving Frank Set during the uncertain early days of World War II, this suspenseful story from the New York Times bestselling author of City of Light follows the work of photojournalist Claire Shipley as she captures America’s race to develop life-saving antibiotics—an assignment that will involve blackmail, espionage, and murder.
This book reconstructs the early circulation of penicillin in Spain, a country exhausted by civil war (1936–1939), and oppressed by Franco’s dictatorship. Embedded in the post-war recovery, penicillin’s voyages through time and across geographies – professional, political and social – were both material and symbolic. This powerful antimicrobial captivated the imagination of the general public, medical practice, science and industry, creating high expectations among patients, who at times experienced little or no effect. Penicillin’s lack of efficacy against some microbes fueled the search for new wonder drugs and sustained a decades-long research agenda built on the post-war concept of development through scientific and technological achievements. This historical reconstruction of the social life of penicillin between the 1940s and 1980s – through the dictatorship to democratic transition – explores political, public, medical, experimental and gender issues, and the rise of antibiotic resistance.