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White on Black is a compelling visual history of the development of European and American stereotypes of black people over the last two hundred years. Its purpose is to show the pervasiveness of prejudice against blacks throughout the western world as expressed in stock-in-trade racist imagery and caricature. Reproducing a wide range of illustrations--from engravings and lithographs to advertisements, candy wrappings, biscuit tins, dolls, posters, and comic strips--the book challenges the hidden assumptions of even those who view themselves as unprejudiced. Jan Nederveen Pieterse sets Western images of Africa and blacks in a chronological framework, including representations from medieval times, from the colonial period with its explorers, settlers, and missionaries, from the era of slavery and abolition, and from the multicultural societies of the present day. Pieterse shows that blacks have been routinely depicted throughout the West as servants, entertainers, and athletes, and that particular countries have developed their own comforting black stereotypes about blacks: Sambo and Uncle Tom in the United States, Golliwog in Britain, Bamboula in France, and Black Peter in the Netherlands. Looking at conventional portrayals of blacks in the nursery, in sexual arenas, and in commerce and advertising, Pieterse analyzes the conceptual roots of the stereotypes about them. The images that he presents have a direct and dramatic impact, and they raise questions about the expression of power within popular culture and the force of caricature, humor, and parody as instruments of oppression.
The receipt of a trunk of Dutch national costumes inspires the Golliwog and the girls to take in the sights of Holland.
Showcasing more than seventy paintings from public and private collections throughout the United States and Europe, Dutch Utopia: American Artists in Holland, 1880-1914 explores the work of forty-three American artists drawn to Holland during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Escaping from the rapid urbanization of their time, these artists established colonies in six communities in the Netherlands—Dordrecht, Egmond, Katwijk, Laren, Rijsoord, and Volendam—with all but Dordrecht being small, preindustrial villages. Inspired by their pastoral surroundings as well as the great traditions of seventeenth-century Dutch art and the contemporary Hague school, these American artists created visions of Dutch society underpinned by a nostalgic yearning for a premodern way of life. Some even alluded to America’s own colonial Dutch heritage, exploring shared histories and cultural connections between the two countries. Organized by the Telfair Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia, Dutch Utopia examines the appeal of Holland for American artists during this period, through six pivotal themes: the influence of seventeenth-century Dutch painting; the impact of the contemporary Hague School; antimodernism and the American Progressive Movement; points of convergence in national identities; the proliferation of artist colonies in Holland; and the popular construction of “Dutchness” beyond the stereotypes of wooden shoes and windmills. Dutch Utopia includes works by artists who remain celebrated today, such as Robert Henri, William Merritt Chase, and John Singer Sargent, and by painters admired in their own time but less well-known now. These include accomplished women such as Elizabeth Nourse and Anna Stanley, as well as George Hitchcock, Gari Melchers, and Walter MacEwen, who built international reputations with Salon pictures of Dutch landscapes and costumed figures. These artists were among hundreds of Americans who traveled to the Netherlands between 1880 and 1914 to paint and to study. Some lived in Holland for decades, while others stayed only a week or two, but most passed quickly through the major cities to small rural communities, where they created picturesque idylls on canvas.
Originally published in 1958, this reconstruction of the lives of young children of nursery age is an excursion into the past, from the Middle Ages to the opening years of the twentieth century. It tells of the methods, often extraordinary to our ideas, by which they were brought up from babyhood to about seven years old, their clothes, diet, the fearsome remedies that were inflicted on them in illness, their toys, games, books and first steps in education. It shows how the pristine simplicity of the child’s nature, which hardly alters throughout the centuries, was moulded by the pressure of the adult society around them into some semblance of the accepted contemporary type. This story of the nursery is not only about young children, but about their parents too. There are parents in it who are stern, harsh, even cruel, and many more loving and careful ones; but one thing strikes us in these parents of former times: there is an air of unassailable confidence and certainty about them that the modern parent, versed in child psychology, would find it hard to achieve. As one seventeenth-century worthy put it, ‘For that which always happens in a concerne so universall as breeding children must needs be provided for by a traditionell method of proceeding.’