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During the First World War, a large group of German settlers in Volhynia and surrounding areas of western Russia became early victims of the 20th century's epidemic of ethnic cleansing. Seen by many Russians as spies and tools of Kaiser Wilhelm, they were easy scapegoats for Russia's military failures and were unceremoniously sent eastwards to the Volga, Siberia, and elsewhere, many to die along the way from hunger, exposure, and epidemic. At best, two-thirds of them returned to Volhynia after the war, only to become victims of an increasingly oppressive Soviet regime. Their removal to the west by the retreating German army in the early 1940s provided relief, but brought an end to their localized existence as a culture of "Volhynian Germans."Yet their nascent cultural identity has lived on in diaspora. Various historical and genealogical societies have preserved many interesting memories and incidents, along with sad statistics of death and persecution. Comprehensive studies, however, have been few, especially in the English-speaking world. The raw material for such studies long lay dormant in restricted Soviet archives, but since their opening, scholars have learned much about the colonies, especially their political relations with the Russian government. The archives also provide an objective basis for looking at daily life, transforming fragmented memories and stories into patterns of activity. This is what Professor Kostiuk's many years of ethnographic study in the archives have given us, and this translation of his major work provides the first comp-rehensive introduction in English to the history and way of life of the Volhynian Germans. In addition, his extensive list of sources provides a much-needed basis for further reading and research.
Analyzes the role of the Germans from Russia in the new land of Oklahoma and the contributions that they made to Oklahoma history.
Important changes in the boundaries and possessions of Russia from the ninth century to the present are recorded
In tracing the pioneering role that German-speaking settlers from all over Europe and America played in the opening up and development of large parts of eastern and western Canada, Lehmann shows German Canadians to be one of Canada's founding peoples. His work establishes the important role played by ethnic Germans in the cultural and economic growth of Canada. Lehmann's account brings out the problematic nature of German-Canadian identity, which is a product of the religious, national, regional and generational divisions characterizing the German-Canadian mosaic. The analysis of extensive interaction among German settlers of different backgrounds, however, refutes the assumption of German Canadians as a mere accumulation of separate ethnic groups sharing the accident of a common mother tongue. Lehmann highlights the fact that Germans from eastern Europe and from the United States, and Mennonites in particular, rather than Germans from Germany, have given German-Canadian culture its unique stamp. Today we owe much of our knowledge of the roots and origins, the composition, the evolution and the spatial distribution of the German-Canadian community to Lehmann. His comprehensive and thorough analysis is the sine qua non for any serious preoccupation with the subject.
Both celebrated and condemned, Ukrainian nationalism is one of the most controversial and vibrant topics in contemporary discussions of Eastern Europe. Perhaps today there is no more divisive and heatedly argued topic in Eastern European studies than the activities in the 1930s and 1940s of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). This book examines the legacy of the OUN and is the first to consider the movement’s literature alongside its politics and ideology. It argues that nationalism’s mythmaking, best expressed in its literature, played an important role. In the interwar period seven major writers developed the narrative structures that gave nationalism much of its appeal. For the first time, the remarkable impact of their work is recognized.
Ukrainian Galicia was home to Poles, Jews and Ukrainians for hundreds of years. It was witness to both World Wars, starvation, mass killings and independence movements. Family members of the authors include survivors of German concentration camps and the GULAG prisons. They fought in Austrian, Polish, Russian and German armies, as well as in the Ukrainian pro-independence army. They were arrested by the Gestapo and the NKVD, tortured and even declared dead. They survived against the most unlikely odds. Their stories, shadows and secrets permeate this book and provide a rich background to some of the most dramatic events humanity has witnessed.
On 16 July 1941, Adolf Hitler convened top Nazi leaders at his headquarters in East Prussia to dictate how they would rule the newly occupied eastern territories. Ukraine, the "jewel" in the Nazi empire, would become a German colony administered by Heinrich Himmler's SS and police, Hermann Goring's economic plunderers, and a host of other satraps. Focusing on the Zhytomyr region and weaving together official German wartime records, diaries, memoirs, and personal interviews, Wendy Lower provides the most complete assessment available of German colonization and the Holocaust in Ukraine. Midlevel "managers," Lower demonstrates, played major roles in mass murder, and locals willingly participated in violence and theft. Lower puts names and faces to local perpetrators, bystanders, beneficiaries, as well as resisters. She argues that Nazi actions in the region evolved from imperial arrogance and ambition; hatred of Jews, Slavs, and Communists; careerism and pragmatism; greed and fear. In her analysis of the murderous implementation of Nazi "race" and population policy in Zhytomyr, Lower shifts scholarly attention from Germany itself to the eastern outposts of the Reich, where the regime truly revealed its core beliefs, aims, and practices.