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Professor Russell-Wood’s detailed studies of Brazilian social history in the colonial era have long been recognised as model contributions to the history of class, race, gender and religion. This collection combines work on particular persons and groupings with survey articles on the role of the port and the frontier in colonial Brazil and on its historiography. The author describes the administration and structure of government, and the realities of royal power, with examples drawn from the port cities and the mining townships of the interior, then moves on to examine the interplay of class, religion and race with reference to brotherhoods of persons of African descent and the racially exclusive Third Orders. One group who overcame legal, physical and social constraints were women who, whether of European or African descent, contributed decisively to the economy and society of Brazil. To conclude, there are accounts of three individuals, each of whose experiences illustrate facets of the judicial system, governance and education in Portugal’s richest colony. Les études détaillées du professeur Russell-Wood sur l’histoire sociale brésilienne durant la période coloniale ont longtemps été reconnues comme un modèle de contribution à histoire des classes, des races, des genres et des religions. Cette collection allie des travaux au sujet d’individus spécifiques et de groupements à des résumés d’enquête sur la rôle du port et de la frontière dans le Brésil colonial et dans son historiographie. L’auteur décrit l’administration et la structure gouvernementale, ainsi que les réalités du pouvoir royal, s’appuyant d’exemples tirés des cités portuaires et des communes minières de l’intérieur. Il passe ensuite à l’examen de l’interaction des classes, des religions et des races en faisant référence aux liens de fraternité qui unissaient les personnes de descendance africaine, ainsi qu’aux Troisièmes Ordres qui pratiq
The internal dynamics of peasant households are an important factor in the adoption of modern agricultural techniques and hence in the survival and productive power of the peasantry. This anthropological study of a Brazilian peasant community shows that the "household estate," the commonly held property of a family, is contested between parents and children. While parents depend on the "estate" for their old-age subsistence, children hope to draw from it their traditional wedding gift of land which will provide them their livelihood. In many peasant households a silent struggle is waged over the "estate's" division. This leads to various types of production relations between parents and married children. Moreover, conflicting interests between generations are a point of "commoditization" of social relations, with important implications for peasant agriculture. Further, the position of the peasant movement is discussed, as well as its policy proposals for fostering peasant agriculture. Peasant agriculture could certainly expand into modern sectors of agriculture. But if these proposals are to be effective they must allow for the peasantry's system of inheritance and old-age care.
Rainforests are rapidly being cleared in the humid tropics to keep pace with food demands, economic needs, and population growth. Without proper management, these forests and other natural resources will be seriously depleted within the next 50 years. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics provides critically needed direction for developing strategies that both mitigate land degradation, deforestation, and biological resource losses and help the economic status of tropical countries through promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. The book includes: A practical discussion of 12 major land use options for boosting food production and enhancing local economies while protecting the natural resource base. Recommendations for developing technologies needed for sustainable agriculture. A strategy for changing policies that discourage conserving and managing natural resources and biodiversity. Detailed reports on agriculture and deforestation in seven tropical countries.
These articles represent a multidisciplinary approach to the so-called soya boom in Southern Brazil. This crop has assumed such a dominant position in the agrarian development of the region since the early 1970s that soya has virtually become a metaphor for the profound transition which has taken place there. Old structures of production have been eliminated, with small -scale agricultural producers in particular being driven from their land. The result has been a large measure of social unrest, but at the same time many have also seized new opportunties. Of course, soya has not been the only factor in this process of development, but all the same this crop is the metaphor 'par excellence' to typify the transition. A fascinating aspect of this situation is the fact that a process of this kind is closely connected with developments in the international market in commodities, and in the national market. Without claiming to be comprehensive, this collection of articles is an attempt to throw light on the various aspects of the process of change in the agrarian structure of Southern Brazil within the wider context of international and national developments.