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This volume represents the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Studies Instituteheld near Barga (Italy), July 11-23, 1988, involving over 90 participants from more than twelve countries of Europe, North America and elsewhere. It was not our intention at this meeting to present a complete up-to-the-minute review of current research in enzyme catalysis but t·ather, in accord wi th the intended spiri t of NATO ASis, to gi ve an opportunity for advanced students and researchers in a wide variety of disciplines to meet tagether and study the problern from different points of view. Hence the lectures cover topics rauging from the purely theoretical aspects of chemical reaction kinetics in condensed matter through practical experimental approaches to enzyme structure, dynamics and mechanism, including the new experimental opportunities arising from genetic engineering techniques. Our approachwas unashamedly physical, both because the more biochemical aspects of enzymology are amply covered elsewhere and because progress in our understanding and application of the molecular basis of enzymic processes must ultimately come from advances in physical knowledge. We tried to cover as wide a spectrum as possible, and succeeded in gathering an expert and enthusiastic team of speakers, but there . are some inevitable omissions. In particular, and with hindsight, our discussions might have been enriched by more detailed coverage of general aspects of chemical catalysis - but readers requiring this background should find adequate references herein.
Major skin diseases, including acne, psoriasis and eczcma, affect the majority of the population at some time in their lives. In general, these diseases are physically and psychologically disfiguring for the sufferers; furthermore, by their very chronic nature skin diseases, unlike most other disease processes, present both acute and chronic therapy problems. In addition, the chronic nature of these diseases can present certain economic problems. Firstly, chronic therapy is becoming increasingly expensive and secondly, patients adhering to a strict treatment regimen will frequently be absent from their gainful employment for either medical consultation or treatment. Given that in all NATO countries the average age of the population is continually increasing, these chronic skin diseases will increase in importance in the coming years. Furthermore, as the average population age increases, additional disease processes such as skin photodamage and carcinogenicity risk becoming major areas of therapeutic concern. This book reviews in detail the major scientific areas of interest for research and clinical scientists working in skin pharmacology and toxicology. The basic principles relating to an understanding of how drugs and chemicals may influence either the skin or the body as a whole are discussed in detail by recognized international scientific experts.
This volume contains edited contributions from the speakers at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "DNA Repair Mechanisms and Their Biological Implications in Mammalian Cells" held October 1-6, 1988, at the Abbaye Royale de Fontevraud, Fontevraud France. The meeting was dedicated to Paul Howard-Flanders (Yale University, New Haven, CT. , 1919-1988), whose seminal con tributions to the DNA repair field include the cO-discovery of the excision repair pathway, the elucidation of post-repli cation repair in E. coli, the isolation of the lexA and recC mutants, and his extensive work on the enzymology of RecA. A plethora of recent developments in DNA repair mechan isms and related processes in mammalian cells have advanced our understanding of this field in a number of different areas and have given new emphasis to the ways these systems both resemble DNA repair processes in other groups of organisms in some respects yet are strikingly different from them in others. Within the past decade there have been a number of international conferences on DNA damage and repair mechanisms but none has been focused on these processes in mammalian cells.
Proceedings of the Tenth Course of the International School of Pure and Applied Biostructure (Erice, Italy, June 1989). Knowledge of protein structure and of design and manufacture methods has made it possible to produce proteins of any desired sequence, but progress is limited by inability to predi
Includes all lectures presented at the NATO ASI Course on title] held in Erice, Sicily, May 1989. Covers morphological, chemical, biochemical, physiological and pathophysiological aspects of bone formation and resorption, focusing on regulatory factors and indicating the new directions that are ope
Vaccination, chiefly responsible for the eradication of smallpox and the control of poliomyelitis and German measles in man and of foot-and mouth, Marek's and Newcastle disease in domestic animals, remains the best answer to infectious diseases. Early vaccines were live wild type organ isms but these have been largely replaced by attenuated or killed organisms or by purified components (subunits) thereof. More recently, developments in recombinant DNA techniques, the advent of monoclonal antibodies and progress in our understanding of the immunological structure of proteins, have laid the foundations for a new generation of vaccines. For instance, subuni t vaccines have been produced through gene cloning and a number of peptides mimicking small regions of proteins on the outer coat of viruses and capable of eliciting virus neutralizing antibodies, have been synthes ized. Such vaccines are defined at the molecular level, can elicit immune responses controlling specific infectious organisms and are, thus, potent ially free of the problems inherent in conventional ones. However, because subunit and peptide vaccines are only weakly or non-immunogenic, they re quire the presence of immunological adjuvants. These are a diverse array of agents that promote specific humoural and/or cell-mediated immunity responses to antigens. This book contains the proceedings of the 1st NATO Advanced Studies Institute "Immunological Adjuvants and Vaccines" held in Cape Sounion Beach, Greece during 24 June-5 July, 1988.
This volume, the sixth in the series "The Prostaglandin System" assembles most of the lecture notes from the International School of Pharmacology on "Prostanoids and Drugs" that took place in Erice, Sicily, at the "Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture" on Sept 5-15, 1989. The course, which was a NATO Advanced Study Institute, comprised detailed discussion of basic metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid as well as their location in the everyday practice of clinical medicine. The current status of our knowledge on drugs affecting prostanoid metabolic pathways, and/or their functinal effects, together with the use of prostanoids as drugs, has been reviewed in depth by distinguished experts. In certain instances a few chapters might overlap with others to present divergent viewpoints of authors, for a better assessment of the complexity of eicosanoid biology. It is likely that as our knowledge of prostanoids in different diseases increases, new diseases may also be targets for drugs related to these lipid mediators. We hope that this boo~will encourage basic scientists and clinicians to pursue additional biomedical investigations along these lines of inquiry. Moreover we would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all the invited speakers not only for their important contributions before and during the course but also for their ability in creating an atmosphere in which all questions were legitimate and all lines of investigations were encouraged.
During the last ZO years great progress has been achieved in our understanding of both earth history and vertebrate evolution. The result is that climatic/tectonic events in earth history can now be placed in a more precise and global time frame, that permit their evaluation as abiotic causal factors which might trigger extinction and dispersal events in vertebrate history. Great strides have also been made in genetics and cell biology, providing new insight into phylogenetic relationships among many vertebrates. These new data, along with data on chronologie resolution of earth history, provide tests of previous interpretations regarding ancestral-descendant relationships based solely on the fossil record. It is fitting and proper that a volume on European Neogene mammal chronology is produced at this time, to ensure that new interpretations of vertebrate evolution and chronology are based on the most accurate and current data. Vertebrate paleon tologists believe that the fossil record is the only secure data for measuring the actual course and tempo of vertebrate evolution. Knowledge of the fossil record must keep pace with advances in other areas of science so that inferences on vertebrate evolu tion are accurate and meaningful.
This is the second of three volumes of Methods in Molecular Biology that deal with Physical Methods of Analysis. The first of these, Spectroscopic Methods and Analyses dealt with NMR spec troscopy, mass spectrometry, and metalloprotein techniques, and the third will cover X-ray crystallographic methods. As with the first volume. Microscopy, Optical Spectroscopy, and Macroscopic Techniques is intended to provide a basic understand ing for the biochemist or biologist who needs to collaborate with spe cialists in applying the techniques of modern physical chemistry to biological macromolecules. The methods treated in this book fall into four groups. Part One covers microscopy, which aims to visualize individual molecules or complexes of several molecules. Electron microscopy is the more familiar of these, while scanning tunneling microscopy is a new and rapidly developing tool. Methods for determining the shapes and sizes of molecules in solution are described in Part Two, which includes chapters on X-ray and neutron scattering, light scattering, and ult- centrifugation. Calorimetry, described in Part Three, provides the means to monitor processes involving thermodynamic changes, whether these are intramolecular, such as conformational transition, or the interactions between solutes or between a solute and its sol vent. Part Four is concerned with optical and infrared spectroscopy and describes applications ranging from the measurement of protein concentration by UV absorbance to the analysis of secondary struc ture using circular dichroism and Fourier-transform infrared spec troscopy.