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Animal models of asthma have confirmed epidemiological findings that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can enhance asthmatic symptoms, including eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Critics have dismissed the possibility that these studies utilizing artificial exposure scenarios, like intratracheal instillation (i.t.), can be legitimately extrapolated to human risk largely due to the fact that the doses required for this type of model exceed the normal ambient concentrations of PM2.5. In order to improve the credibility of the findings from previous animal studies utilizing the i.t. method for delivery of aqueous particle suspensions to the lung, and to determine the biological mechanisms responsible for the observed enhancement of allergic inflammation following PM2.5 exposure, large-scale air samplers have been developed making it possible to directly expose wild type (WT) and genetically altered mice to fine, concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). In this study allergic asthma was modeled in both WT and mast cell deficient (MCD) mice by local (L) or systemic (S) sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA). Two weeks later mice were challenged with OVA (day 0) and then exposed to CAPs (day 0 & 1) with numerous endpoints collected (day 0-2). Overall, there was a temporal difference in the bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile between L and S sensitized mice, and the contribution of mast cells (MC) to this differential response was best observed for neutrophils at day 0 and day 1. Compared to air exposed mice, CAPs depressed total inflammatory cell infiltrates in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at day 0 and day 1 after OVA challenge for all groups. This overwhelming difference of limited cellular infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following CAPs exposure, and the significant difference between the L and S sensitization protocols, confound interpretation for all of the factors examined. However, the specif.
The second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century witnessed important changes in ecology, climate and human behaviour that favoured the development of urban pests. Most alarmingly, urban planners now face the dramatic expansion of urban sprawl, in which city suburbs are growing into the natural habitats of ticks, rodents and other pests. Also, many city managers now erroneously assume that pest-borne diseases are relics of the past. All these changes make timely a new analysis of the direct and indirect effects of present-day urban pests on health. Such an analysis should lead to the development of strategies to manage them and reduce the risk of exposure. To this end, WHO invited international experts in various fields - pests, pest-related diseases and pest management - to provide evidence on which to base policies. These experts identified the public health risk posed by various pests and appropriate measures to prevent and control them. This book presents their conclusions and formulates policy options for all levels of decision-making to manage pests and pest-related diseases in the future. [Ed.]
With an emphasis on practical diagnostic problem solving, Pathology of the Lungs, 3rd Edition provides the pulmonary pathologist and the general surgical pathologist with an accessible, comprehensive guide to the recognition and interpretation of common and rare neoplastic and non-neoplastic lung conditions. The text is written by two authors and covers all topics in a consistent manner without the redundancies or lapses that are common in multi-authored texts. The text is lavishly illustrated with the highest quality illustrations which accurately depict the histologic, immunohistochemical and cytologic findings under consideration and it is supplemented throughout with practical tips and advice from two internationally respected experts. The user-friendly design and format allows rapid access to essential information and the incorporation throughout of relevant clinical and radiographic information makes it a complete diagnostic resource inside the reporting room. Approximately 1,000 high quality full color illustrations.Provides the user with a complete visual guide to each specimen and assists in the recognition and diagnosis of any slide looked at under the microscope. Comprehensive coverage of both common and rare lung diseases and disorders. One stop consultation resource for the reporting room or study, no need to go further to get questions answered. Clinical background and ancillary radiographs incorporated throughout.Provides the user with all of the necessary diagnostic tools to make a complete and accurate pathologic report. Practical advice and tips from two of the world’s recognized experts. Provides the trainee and general surgical pathologist with time saving diagnostic clues when dealing with difficult specimens. Consistent and uniform approach incorporated for each disease and disorder (Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, pathologic features, differential diagnosis) User-friendly format enables quick and easy navigation to the key information required. Extensive use of summary tables, charts and graphs throughout the text. Helps simplify and clarify complex concepts and facilitates “at a glance comparisons between entities. Extensive reference list highlights landmark articles as well as including most up-to-date citations. Directs the trainee and practitioner to the most recent and authoritative sources for further reading and investigation
This book highlights the important role free fatty acids (FFA) play as potential drug targets. While FFA have long been considered byproducts of cell metabolism, they are now recognized as ligands that regulate cell and tissue function via G-protein-coupled receptors. At least three receptors have been identified for which FFA appear to be the endogenous ligands.
This book offers a collection of the latest clinical and research findings related to allergies, one of the most frequently treated conditions in occupational medicine. The chapters not only cover asthma but also elaborate on contact dermatitis, rhinitis, and other allergic conditions, providing readers with a comprehensive overview of the substances disrupting autoimmunity and their effects on the human body. Allergy and Immunotoxicology in Occupational Health is a valuable resource for professionals and researchers in the occupational health sector, who will discover novel insights into immune effects, providing a foundation for future considerations of the health impairments caused by environmental and occupational exposure to these substances.
Air pollution is recognized as one of the leading contributors to the global environmental burden of disease, even in countries with relatively low concentrations of air pollution. Air Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts examines the effect of this complex problem on human health and the environment in different settings around the world. I