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This book takes readers back and forth through time and makes the past accessible to all families, students and the general reader and is an unprecedented collection of a list of events in chronological order and a wealth of informative knowledge about the rise and fall of empires, major scientific breakthroughs, groundbreaking inventions, and monumental moments about everything that has ever happened.
The Science and Engineering of Materials, Third Edition, continues the general theme of the earlier editions in providing an understanding of the relationship between structure, processing, and properties of materials. This text is intended for use by students of engineering rather than materials, at first degree level who have completed prerequisites in chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The author assumes these stu dents will have had little or no exposure to engineering sciences such as statics, dynamics, and mechanics. The material presented here admittedly cannot and should not be covered in a one-semester course. By selecting the appropriate topics, however, the instructor can emphasise metals, provide a general overview of materials, concentrate on mechani cal behaviour, or focus on physical properties. Additionally, the text provides the student with a useful reference for accompanying courses in manufacturing, design, or materials selection. In an introductory, survey text such as this, complex and comprehensive design problems cannot be realistically introduced because materials design and selection rely on many factors that come later in the student's curriculum. To introduce the student to elements of design, however, more than 100 examples dealing with materials selection and design considerations are included in this edition.
One of the key problems of failure-free operation of machinery is prevention of corrosion. The global scale of modern production makes this problem even more critical. At the beginning of the 21st century industrial contami- tion and the corrosion-active nature of the environment reached a level such that corrosive damage of materials became commensurate with their prod- tion volume and expenditure on anticorrosion protection of machines became comparable with investments in basic production. Anticorrosion techniques changed from being an auxiliary service to industrial enterprises into a dev- oping, scienti?cally intensive and generously ?nanced branch of production. Polymers occupy a very speci?c place amongst anticorrosion techniques. Polymers combine good chemical resistance with impermeability to di?- ent media and unusual deformation characteristics. The main principle of their application as anticorrosion means is the creation of a tight barrier that insulates metal machine parts or constructions from corrosion agents. The advantages of polymers allow the creation of such a barrier at minimal cost,providingprotectionoftheworkingmachinesfromcorrosion,combining their manufacture with preservation and decreasing the cost of anticorrosion. This is one of the main reasons why world production of polymer materials increased by almost 50% in the past decade.
Changes in the crack growth behavior of 7075-T651 aluminum specimens which has been exposed to temperatures between 150 degrees and 355 degrees F (66 deg and 179 deg C) were evaluated. Specimens were fatigue tested at room temperature under flight-by-flight loading conditions. Results from these tests were then compared with data from the baseline (as received) material. Exposure to 250 deg F (121 deg C) or more produced a definite increase in speciment life, apparently due to a decrease in crack growth rates.
Methods to improve the high temperature, dwell crack growth resistance of Alloy 10, a high strength, nickel-base disk alloy, were studied. Two approaches, heat treat variations and composition modifications, were investigated. Under the heat treat approach, solution temperature, cooling rates, and stabilization, were studied. It was found that higher solution temperatures, which promote coarser grain sizes, coupled with a 1550 F stabilization treatment were found to significantly reduce dwell crack growth rates at 1300 F Changes in the niobium and tantalum content were found to have a much smaller impact on crack growth behavior. Lowering the niobium:tantalum ratio did improve crack growth resistance and this effect was most pronounced for coarse grain microstructures. Based on these findings, a coarse grain microstructure for Alloy 10 appears to be the best option for improving dwell crack growth resistance, especially in the rim of a disk where temperatures can reach or exceed 1300 T. Further, the use of advanced processing technologies, which can produce a coarse grain rim and fine grain bore, would be the preferred option for Alloy 10 to obtain the optimal balance between tensile, creep, and crack growth requirements for small gas turbine engines. Gayda, John Glenn Research Center NASA/TM-2001-210814, E-12729, NAS 1.15:210814
Lasers can alter the surface composition and properties of materials in a highly controllable way, which makes them efficient and cost-effective tools for surface engineering. This book provides an overview of the different techniques, the laser-material interactions and the advantages and disadvantages for different applications. Part one looks at laser heat treatment, part two covers laser additive manufacturing such as laser-enhanced electroplating, and part three discusses laser micromachining, structuring and surface modification. Chemical and biological applications of laser surface engineering are explored in part four, including ways to improve the surface corrosion properties of metals. - Provides an overview of thermal surface treatments using lasers, including the treatment of steels, light metal alloys, polycrystalline silicon and technical ceramics - Addresses the development of new metallic materials, innovations in laser cladding and direct metal deposition, and the fabrication of tuneable micro- and nano-scale surface structures - Chapters also cover laser structuring, surface modification, and the chemical and biological applications of laser surface engineering
The effects of environment on fatigue behavior are quite intimately related to such test variables as stress intensity, cyclic frequency, and temperature. The effect of these variables has been shown to be quite complex. However, a consistent pattern of behavior is beginning to emerge which, it is hoped, will lead to a considerably changed understanding of the corrosion-fatigue process. It is considered probable that an increased understanding of the corrosion-fatigue process will also contribute measureably to an improved understanding of general fatigue processes. Material variables such as composition, directionality of properties, and microstructure, have important effects on corrosion-fatigue behavior of aluminum alloys. However, it appears that these variables, at least in gaseous environments, may be important largely because of their effects on the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloys. On the other hand, studies in seawater suggest that these variables become increasingly important as the corrosive nature of the environment increases. This memorandum discusses in detail the effects of both test variables and material variables on corrosion fatigue. In addition, current theories of corrosion-fatigue mechanisms are outlined, and several methods of preventing corrosion fatigue are suggested. (Author).
Alloying: Understanding the Basics is a comprehensive guide to the influence of alloy additions on mechanical properties, physical properties, corrosion and chemical behavior, and processing and manufacturing characteristics. The coverage considers "alloying" to include any addition of an element or compound that interacts with a base metal to influence properties. Thus, the book addresses the beneficial effects of major alloy additions, inoculants, dopants, grain refiners, and other elements that have been deliberately added to improve performance, as well the detrimental effects of minor elements or residual (tramp) elements included in charge materials or that result from improper melting or refining techniques. The content is presented in a concise, user-friendly format. Numerous figures and tables are provided. The coverage has been weighted to provided the most detailed information on the most industrially important materials.