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Six experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of early and late incubation temperatures and hatching basket ventilation on embryonic development and early broiler performance. Eggs were exposed to a constant incubation air temperature of 37.6 & deg;C (99.7 & deg;F) from E 0-17 in Experiment 1 while Experiments 2-5 employed an incubation temperature profile that had an initial dry bulb set point of 38.1 & deg;C (100.5 & deg;F), which was gradually decreased to 37.2 & deg;C (99.0 & deg;F). Experiment 6 exposed eggs to either an Early Hot treatment (EH) that had a short initial air temperature of 38.9 & deg;C (102 & deg;F) followed by 38.1 & deg;C (100.5 & deg;F) to E 3 or an Early Cool treatment (EC) of 36.9 & deg;C (98.5 & deg;F) to E 3. Experiments 1-4 used an average air temperature of 38.1 & deg;C (100.5 & deg;F) during the late incubation period, while Experiments 5 and 6 added a late temperature treatment of approximately 35 & deg;C (95.0 & deg;F) (LC) in addition to 38.1 & deg;C (100.5 & deg;F; LH). Hatching baskets were modified to create ventilation treatments in order to examine the effect of air flow path on embryonic development and used varyingly throughout Experiments 1-6. Two treatments were designed to restricted air flow through the hatching basket by blocking air flow through either the top half of the basket (TT) or the bottom half of the basket (BT). Other hatching baskets remained unaltered to serve as a control group (CN). Experiments 1-2 included all three types but just the TT and BT treatments were used in Experiment 3. Experiments 4-6 used the TT and CN treatments in addition to the baskets at either low density (LD) or high density (HD). The TT treatment produced chicks with significantly less relative yolk sac in Experiment 1, but differences between ventilation treatments did not occur in other experiments. At E 15 of incubation, embryos from the EC treatment in Experiment 6 exhibited a decreased embryo weight and fluid (yolk and albumen) absorption. The LC treatmen.
This is the first re-appraisal in 50 years of concepts of development made in birds. This book is a case study in evolutionary diversification of life histories. Although birds have a rather uniform body plan and physiology, they exhibit marked variation in development type, parental care, and rate of growth. Altricial birds are fully dependent on their parents for warmth and nutrition and begin posthatching life in a more or less embryonic condition. At the other extreme, such superprecocial species as the megapodes are independent of all parental care from hatching, and the neonate, able to fly, resembles an adult bird. This book thus attempts to present an integrative perspective of organism biology, ecology, and evolution.
This outstanding work is the only modern book devoted to the chick embryo and has been an essential resource for geneticists, molecular and developmental biologists, and other life scientists who use the chick embryo as their research model. This new enlarged and updated second edition is published in response to continuing demand. The text provides a detailed description of development, from fertilization to hatching, with emphasis on the earlier stages though also covering individual organ systems in detail. There are reviews of the more recent molecular research and a new section highlighting the important landmarks in the history of chick embryology which have had an impact on our understanding of developmental processes. The book is beautifully illustrated with 74 text-figures and over 500 photographs, including nearly 200 new scanning electron micrographs. Updated and expanded text to accompany diagrams More than 200 new labelled scanning electron micrographs showing individual tissues in great detail Reviews of recent molecular research Discusses the roles of genes such as Hox genes, BMPs, and sonic hedgehog during early development New sections on genetical anomalies, techniques, and the poultry industry
A comprehensive review of all aspects of commercial production systems, this book provides an up-to-date look at all aspects of broiler breeder production and management, starting with specialized genetic programs as developed by the primary breeders and ending with two chapters on very practical, hands-on aspects of breeder management, including extensive coverage of health management, feeding systems, environmental control, lighting programs and all aspects of male and female reproduction. Recognizing the diversity of management systems worldwide, the authors have included breeders in both temperate and warm climates and also for controlled environment vs.curtain-sided housing systems. This unique publication is an essential reference for all professionals involved in broiler breeder production.
This book reviews comprehensively incubation effects on embryonic development in birds and reptiles and presents the first ever synthesis of data from these two vertebrate classes. The book is in three parts. The first deals with the structure, shape and function of eggs. The second examines the effects of the four main parameters on the process of incubation: temperature, water relations, respiratory gas exchange, and turning. The third section deals with early embryonic development and the methods used to investigate and manipulate the embryo. Further chapters deal with aestivation, megapodes and oviparity. International experts in each field have contributed to this extensively referenced volume and it will be of great interest not only to research biologists, but also to bird and reptile breeders, whether in commercial organisations or in zoos.