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The Chronic Disease Prevention Alliance of Canada January 2004 The Cost of Chronic Disease in Canada ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is based on the template, methodologies, and data sources used in GPI Atlantic's earlier report on the Cost of Chronic Disease in Nova Scotia, and is produced with express permission of GPI Atlantic. [...] According to Health Canada's Economic Burden of Illness in Canada 1993, diabetes accounts for 43.3% of the direct costs of all these endocrine and related disorders.28 According to Katzmarzyk et al., type 2 diabetes constitutes 92.5% of all diabetes cases, and would therefore constitute about 40% of the direct costs of all endocrine and related disorders.29 For the purposes 25 Birmingham, C. Laird [...] When these additional categories and costs of chronic illness are added to the seven diagnostic categories in Table 2, the full costs of chronic diseases to the Canadian health care system are likely to match the estimates of the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which attribute 60% of all health care costs in the U. S. to chronic diseases. [...] A three-year follow-up showed that, while metformin helped reduce the incidence of diabetes compared to the placebo, lifestyle intervention was the most effective method, reducing the incidence of diabetes by 58% compared to 31% for metformin.69 Endocrine and related disease costs as a percentage of the total economic burden of illness range from 2.6% for Newfoundland and Labrador and Manitoba to [...] As a percentage of the total economic burden of illness in each province, chronic respiratory diseases range between 2.3% of total costs in most provinces to 2.5% in Nova Scotia (Figure 12).74 Chronic respiratory illnesses therefore account for about the same proportion of the total economic burden of illness across the country with no distinctive patterns among the different regions.
Economic Cost of Chronic Disease in Canada 1995-2003 Jayadeep Patra, Svetlana Popova, Jürgen Rehm, Susan Bondy, Robynne Flint & Norman Giesbrecht Prepared for the Ontario Chronic Disease Prevention Alliance and the Ontario Public Health Association March 2007 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this report was made possible through the financial support of the Public Health Agency of Canada to [...] The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the perspectives of the Public Health Agency of Canada. [...] The three indirect cost components included in this report were: cost of years of life lost due to premature death (mortality costs), and the value of activity days lost due to short-term and long-term disability (morbidity costs due to long and short-term disability). [...] Appendix 1 provides the World Health Organization's list of chronic disease and the ten tables provide the Canadian data the form the empirical basis of this report. [...] The intent of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of the distribution of direct and indirect costs of chronic diseases in Canada.
Through Canadian and international perspectives, Bending the Cost Curve in Health Care explores the management of growing health costs in an extraordinarily complex arena. The book moves beyond previous debates, agreeing that while efficiencies and better value for money may yet be found, more fundamental reforms to the management and delivery of health services are essential prerequisites to bending the cost curve in the long run. While there is considerable controversy over direction and details of change, there also remains the challenge of getting agreement on the values or principles that would guide the reshaping of the policies, the structures, and the regulatory environment of health care in Canada. Leading experts from around the world representing a range of disciplines and professional backgrounds come together to organize and define the problems faced by policy-makers. Case studies from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Nordic countries, and industrialized Asian countries such as Taiwan offer useful reform experiences for provincial governments in Canada. Finally, common Canadian cost factors, such as pharmaceuticals and technology, and paying the health workforce, are explored. This book is the first volume in The Johnson-Shoyama Series on Public Policy, published by the University of Toronto Press in association with the Johnson-Shoyama Graduate School of Public Policy, an interdisciplinary centre for research, teaching, and executive training with campuses at the Universities of Regina and Saskatchewan.
"Inequalities in health outcomes in Canada are evident when we look at chronic health conditions, diabetes in particular. Aboriginal communities and lower-income people in Canada are at particularly high risk for developing a range of chronic health conditions including diabetes. Depending on the age group, First Nations adults are two to eight times more likely to have diabetes than Canadians generally, and they also have substantially higher rates of serious complications from diabetes, including kidney failure, foot amputations, heart disease and infectious disease. In this report, the Health Council profiles an initiative in northern Manitoba - the Island Lake Regional Renal Health Program - developed in response to the high rates of kidney failure in a remote First Nations region. And we take a look at the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Program which, after 12 years of sustained effort, has put the brakes to the persistent increase in new cases of diabetes in that Mohawk First Nation community near Montreal. The connection between health and wealth is also important in understanding how to influence health outcomes. The poorest Canadians are almost three times as likely to have multiple chronic health conditions, including diabetes, as the highest-income Canadians, and the ratio steps down steadily as family income goes up."--Page 12
This report provides forecasts of chronic lung disease rates and associated economic burden to the year 2030, to help policy-makers determine effective chronic lung health policies and set priorities among competing options.
This report uses the prevalence-based human capital approach to translate morbidity and premature mortality data into direct and indirect costs to affected individuals and Canadian society. Direct costs include drug expenditures, physician and hospital care costs, and health science research expenditures. Indirect costs include mortality costs and morbidity costs due to short- and long-term disability. Most of the costs were also classified by diagnostic category such as cardiovascular diseases, injuries, and cancer. A portion of the costs of illness could be categorized by sex and age.
Adapted from our best-selling text, Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention, Eighth Edition by Pamala D. Larsen and Ilene Morof Lubkin, this text includes recent definitions and models of care aimed towards chronic disease management (CDM) currently used in Canada. Canadian and global perspectives on chronic illness management are addressed throughout the text, and chapters on the role of primary health care in chronic care, family nursing, global health, and chronic illness are included to address the needs of nursing curriculum standards in Canada. Key Features *Chapter on complementary therapies within a Canadian health context *Every chapter is updated to include Canadian content and an emphasis on global healthcare *Contains theoretical and practical perspectives to address the continuing emergence of chronic illness in Canada and the world
This Open Access book highlights the ethical issues and dilemmas that arise in the practice of public health. It is also a tool to support instruction, debate, and dialogue regarding public health ethics. Although the practice of public health has always included consideration of ethical issues, the field of public health ethics as a discipline is a relatively new and emerging area. There are few practical training resources for public health practitioners, especially resources which include discussion of realistic cases which are likely to arise in the practice of public health. This work discusses these issues on a case to case basis and helps create awareness and understanding of the ethics of public health care. The main audience for the casebook is public health practitioners, including front-line workers, field epidemiology trainers and trainees, managers, planners, and decision makers who have an interest in learning about how to integrate ethical analysis into their day to day public health practice. The casebook is also useful to schools of public health and public health students as well as to academic ethicists who can use the book to teach public health ethics and distinguish it from clinical and research ethics.