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The ever-increasing convergence of U.S. military and commercial space activities poses new challenges to the viability of the legal concepts that have traditionally governed the use of outer space, and particularly the military use of space, from the beginning of the space age. This paper will look at two examples of where the melding of U.S. military and commercial space activities necessitates a reexamination of the applicable legal theories. Part I will examine the concept of self-defense in outer space, by considering the legality of the use of conventional military force to defend against "cyber-attack" on its commercial space assets. Part II will examine the concept of the use of outer space for "peaceful purposes" under international law, by focusing on the permissibility of military use of the International Space Station. As private commercial entities increasingly take their place aside State actors in outer space, understanding the impact of space commercialization on the law governing military-related activities in outer space becomes more-and-more important to policymakers, military planners, legal scholars and space law practitioners alike.
Tallinn Manual 2.0 expands on the highly influential first edition by extending its coverage of the international law governing cyber operations to peacetime legal regimes. The product of a three-year follow-on project by a new group of twenty renowned international law experts, it addresses such topics as sovereignty, state responsibility, human rights, and the law of air, space, and the sea. Tallinn Manual 2.0 identifies 154 'black letter' rules governing cyber operations and provides extensive commentary on each rule. Although Tallinn Manual 2.0 represents the views of the experts in their personal capacity, the project benefitted from the unofficial input of many states and over fifty peer reviewers.
This is the 30th volume in the Occasional Paper series of the U.S. Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). It is particularly timely that with the increased emphasis on space within the U.S. Air Force, in light of the ongoing HQ USAF efforts toward air and space integration into a true aerospace force, and in the wake of the 1998 INSS conference "Spacepower for a New Millennium," this work represents the initiation of the Space Policy Series of INSS Occasional Papers. In this paper, Dr Joan Johnson-Freese presents an examination of past U.S. policy and international treaty interpretations on anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) in space within the context of the organizational politics surrounding questions of developing and deploying these systems. With the ever-increasing American commercial and military reliance on space, these questions are particularly timely, and it is our hope that the debate on ASATs -- indeed on the larger issues of weaponization of space -- can be better informed by this paper.
Written by leading scholars, the fourteen case studies in this volume will help policymakers, scholars, and students make sense of contemporary cyber conflict through historical analogies to past military-technological problems.
It is a remarkable achievement to write a book that almost four decades after its publication has lost virtually none of its relevance. Manfred Lachs’ famous treatise on the Law of Outer Space was originally published in 1972, yet it is still a classic and must-read text for space law students today, even though copies can nowadays be rarely found. The reissue of this remarkable work is therefore timely indeed. Its aim is to make the brilliance, foresight and clarity of Lachs’ thinking once more easily accessible to a new generation of scholars. Issued on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the International Institute of Space Law, of which Lachs was President, this volume reproduces the original text of Lachs' work in full, with a new preface, introduction and index supplied by the editors.