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This book assembles new methods showing the automotive engineer for the first time how hybrid vehicle configurations can be modeled as systems with discrete and continuous controls. These hybrid systems describe naturally and compactly the networks of embedded systems which use elements such as integrators, hysteresis, state-machines and logical rules to describe the evolution of continuous and discrete dynamics and arise inevitably when modeling hybrid electric vehicles. They can throw light on systems which may otherwise be too complex or recondite. Hybrid Systems, Optimal Control and Hybrid Vehicles shows the reader how to formulate and solve control problems which satisfy multiple objectives which may be arbitrary and complex with contradictory influences on fuel consumption, emissions and drivability. The text introduces industrial engineers, postgraduates and researchers to the theory of hybrid optimal control problems. A series of novel algorithmic developments provides tools for solving engineering problems of growing complexity in the field of hybrid vehicles. Important topics of real relevance rarely found in text books and research publications—switching costs, sensitivity of discrete decisions and there impact on fuel savings, etc.—are discussed and supported with practical applications. These demonstrate the contribution of optimal hybrid control in predictive energy management, advanced powertrain calibration, and the optimization of vehicle configuration with respect to fuel economy, lowest emissions and smoothest drivability. Numerical issues such as computing resources, simplifications and stability are treated to enable readers to assess such complex systems. To help industrial engineers and managers with project decision-making, solutions for many important problems in hybrid vehicle control are provided in terms of requirements, benefits and risks.
Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles provides a description of power train control for hybrid vehicles. The background, environmental motivation and control challenges associated with hybrid vehicles are introduced. The text includes mathematical models for all relevant components in the hybrid power train. The power split problem in hybrid power trains is formally described and several numerical solutions detailed, including dynamic programming and a novel solution for state-constrained optimal control problems based on the maximum principle. Real-time-implementable strategies that can approximate the optimal solution closely are dealt with in depth. Several approaches are discussed and compared, including a state-of-the-art strategy which is adaptive for vehicle conditions like velocity and mass. Three case studies are included in the book: • a control strategy for a micro-hybrid power train; • experimental results obtained with a real-time strategy implemented in a hybrid electric truck; and • an analysis of the optimal component sizes for a hybrid power train. Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles will appeal to academic researchers and graduate students interested in hybrid vehicle control or in the applications of optimal control. Practitioners working in the design of control systems for the automotive industry will also find the ideas propounded in this book of interest.
Sets out core theory and reviews new methods and applications to show how hybrid systems can be modelled and understood.
Hybrid systems describe the interaction of software, described by finite models such as finite-state machines, with the physical world, described by infinite models such as differential equations. This book addresses problems of verification and controller synthesis for hybrid systems. Although these problems are very difficult to solve for general hybrid systems, several authors have identified classes of hybrid systems that admit symbolic or finite models. The novelty of the book lies on the systematic presentation of these classes of hybrid systems along with the relationships between the hybrid systems and the corresponding symbolic models. To show how the existence of symbolic models can be used for verification and controller synthesis, the book also outlines several key results for the verification and controller design of finite systems. Several examples illustrate the different methods and techniques discussed in the book.
The Complete Noc City Trilogy - Special Edition! Book 1 Noc City Book 2 Blood Moon Book 3 Hybrid Theory Book 1 Noc City They call me the Angel of Noc City, but it's all a lie. The cameras see what they want to see as my father spins half truths and dangerous propaganda. Darklings are dangerous. Monstrous. Unholy. They're a threat to humans everywhere, and they need to be destroyed, despite the decades of peace. But what happens when Noc City's poster girl discovers she's one of the monsters they fear? I can tell you what happens. Chaos. Fear. War. I thought death was my only way out. Sweet, dark oblivion. But I was wrong. The way out might just be through a room of chains, blood, and cravings...of sex, pain, and betrayal. My way out of this hell might rest in the hands of the most dangerous creatures Noc City's ever known. Book 1 Blood Moon I've been beaten... I've been humiliated... I've been shackled... I've peered behind the masks and uncovered a world of secrets and evil I never knew existed, and now it's time to choose my side. These men are ruthless, powerful leaders who have seen things I could only dream of. They're cunning, sinister and too alluring for their own good. I've gone from captive to complicit in a matter of weeks, and they're each tempting the darkest parts of myself I've hidden for so long now. I know what needs to be done. Even if it means jumping right back into the snake pit. I'm a darkling, after all, and I'll fight tooth and claw to bring justice to my kind. All bets are off because I'm out for blood. Book 3 Hybrid Theory I'm changing... From the inside out I'm changing and I can't stop it. Who I was, who I thought I could be... It's all gone now. A single moment was all it took to shatter everything I thought I knew about myself. A single moment was all it took to make me the most wanted woman in the world. This is a DARK reverse harem series with a LOT of blood, MMF, and swears, not to mention references to su*cide, abuse, and trauma. 18+ due to graphic violence and sexual situations.
A comprehensive introduction to hybrid control systems and design Hybrid control systems exhibit both discrete changes, or jumps, and continuous changes, or flow. An example of a hybrid control system is the automatic control of the temperature in a room: the temperature changes continuously, but the control algorithm toggles the heater on or off intermittently, triggering a discrete jump within the algorithm. Hybrid control systems feature widely across disciplines, including biology, computer science, and engineering, and examples range from the control of cellular responses to self-driving cars. Although classical control theory provides powerful tools for analyzing systems that exhibit either flow or jumps, it is ill-equipped to handle hybrid control systems. In Hybrid Feedback Control, Ricardo Sanfelice presents a self-contained introduction to hybrid control systems and develops new tools for their analysis and design. Hybrid behavior can occur in one or more subsystems of a feedback system, and Sanfelice offers a unified control theory framework, filling an important gap in the control theory literature. In addition to the theoretical framework, he includes a plethora of examples and exercises, a Matlab toolbox (as well as two open-source versions), and an insightful overview at the beginning of each chapter. Relevant to dynamical systems theory, applied mathematics, and computer science, Hybrid Feedback Control will be useful to students and researchers working on hybrid systems, cyber-physical systems, control, and automation.
This book mainly investigates the cooperative optimal control of hybrid energy system, it presents security control, multi-objective optimization, distributed optimization and distributed control approaches for tackling with security, economic and stability problem of the hybrid energy system. It aims to solve some challenging problems including security issue, economic cost or benefits from both power generation side and load demand side, and coordination among different power generators. The methods proposed in this book is novel and attractive, it consists of the hierarchical optimal control strategy for the security issue, multi-objective optimization for both economic and emission issue, and distributed optimal control for coordination among power generators. Readers can learn novel methods or technique for tackling with the security issue, multiple-objective problem, and distributed coordination problem. It also may inspire readers to improve some drawbacks of existing alternatives. Some fundamental knowledge prepared to read this book includes basic principles of the multi-agents system, robust optimization, Pareto-dominance optimization, and background of electrical engineering and renewable energy.
This book details the designing of hybrid control strategies for practical systems containing time varying uncertainties, disturbances, nonlinearities, unknown parameters, unmodelled dynamics, delays, etc., concurrently. In this book, the advantages of different controllers will be brought together to produce superior control performance for the practical systems. Being aware of the advantages of adaptive controller to tackle unknown constant, time varying uncertainties and time varying disturbances, a variant of adaptive controller, namely L1 adaptive controller, is hybridized with other strategies. In this book, to facilitate optimal parameter setting of the basic L1 adaptive controller, stochastic optimization technique will be hybridized with it. The stability of the optimization technique along with the controller will be guaranteed analytically with the help of spectral radius convergence. The proposed method exhibits satisfactory exploration and exploitation capabilities. Again, this book will throw light on tackling nonlinearities along with uncertainties and disturbances by hybridizing fuzzy logic with L1 adaptive controller. The performances of the designed controllers will be compared with different control methodologies to validate their effectiveness. The overall stability of the nonlinear system with the designed controller will be guaranteed with the help of fuzzy Lyapunov function to retain the zonal behaviour of the system. This fuzzy PDC-L1 adaptive controller is efficient to tackle nonlinearities and at the same time cancels unknown constant, time varying uncertainties and time varying disturbances adequately. This book will also contain four simulation case studies to validate fruitfulness of the designed controllers. To demonstrate the superior control ability of these controllers in tackling practical system, three experimental case studies will also be provided.
This book covers modeling, control and stability aspects of hybrid AC/DC power networks. More specifically, this book provides an in-depth analysis of the stability and control aspects of hybrid AC/DC power grids, with comprehensive coverage of theoretical aspects of conventional stability issues (e.g., small-signal stability, voltage stability and frequency stability), emerging stability issues (e.g., converter associated stability) and control strategies applied in this emerging hybrid AC/DC power grids. This book takes a more pragmatic approach with a unique compilation of timely topics related to hybrid AC/DC networks compared with other books in this field. Therefore, this book provides the reader with comprehensive information on modeling, control and stability aspects which need to consider when modeling and analysis of hybrid AC/DC power grids for power system dynamics and stability studies. Each chapter provides fundamental stability theories, some worked examples and case studies to explain various modeling, analysis and control concepts introduced in the chapter. Therefore, postgraduate research students, power system researchers and power system engineers benefit from the materials presented in this book and assist them to model and device new control strategies to overcome the stability challenges of the emerging hybrid AC/DC power grid.
This book discusses the dynamics of a tail-sitter quadrotor and biplane quadrotor-type hybrid unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and, based on it, various nonlinear controllers design like backstepping control (BSC), ITSMC (Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Control), and hybrid controller (BSC + ITSMC). It discusses single and multiple observer-based control strategies to handle external disturbances like wind gusts and estimate states. It covers the dynamics of slung load with a biplane quadrotor and a control architecture to handle the effect of partial rotor failure with wind gusts acting on it. An anti-swing control to prevent damage to the slung load and a deflecting surface-based total rotor failure compensation strategy to prevent damage to the biplane quadrotor are also discussed in this book. The monograph will be helpful for undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as researchers in their advanced studies.