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More than forty years elapsed between the Democratic Republic of Congo's democratic poll in 1960 upon gaining independence from Belgium and the country's constitutional referendum of 18-19 December 2005, in which 84% of the voters endorsed a new 229-article constitution. The referendum represented a major turning point for Africa's largest civil war, which claimed more than 3.5 million lives since 1998, left 3.4 million internally displaced, and forced 443,000 refugees into asylum in nine bordering nations. With the nation's sovereignty at stake and the transitional government's mandate expiring in June 2006, DR Congo's transitional President Joseph Kabila urged the populace to support the new constitution, warning that rejection of it would be "catastrophic." This paper examines the process of the constitutional referendum, from drafting the constitution to voter results, and discusses key issues related to refugees, women's political rights, and citizenship.
The International Criminal Court emerged in the early twenty-first century as an ambitious and permanent institution with a mandate to address mass atrocity crimes such as genocide and crimes against humanity. Although designed to exercise jurisdiction only in instances where states do not pursue these crimes themselves (and are unwilling or unable to do so), the Court's interventions, particularly in African states, have raised questions about the social value of its work and its political dimensions and effects. Bringing together scholars and practitioners who specialise on the ICC, this collection offers a diverse account of its interventions: from investigations to trials and from the Court's Hague-based centre to the networks of actors who sustain its activities. Exploring connections with transitional justice and international relations, and drawing upon critical insights from the interpretive social sciences, it offers a novel perspective on the ICC's work. This title is also available as Open Access.
Congo, Democratic Republic Business Law Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws
The third edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo looks back at the nearly 48 years of independence, over a century of colonial rule, and even earlier kingdoms and groups that shared the territory. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 800 cross-referenced dictionary entries on civil wars, mutinies, notable people, places, events, and cultural practices.
The Democratic Republic of Congo-background to the war-peace and the power-sharing agreements-the Transitional Constitution and its characteristics-institutions and security-success so far-prospects-a model for other conflict-riven states.