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Approximately 3000 middle and late Cenozoic nearshore marine molluscan taxa from western California are assigned to six time periods, spanning ~25 m.y. In this interdisciplinary study, western California is palinspastically restored for each of the time periods by backsliding and back-rotating large fault blocks or crustal units. Marine fossil assemblages are assigned to nearshore paleoclimatic regions or water masses within palinspastically restored California. In addition, this volume reveals positive feedback mechanisms between paleolatitudinal changes in sea-surface paleotemperature gradients and changes in the diversity of marine mollusks along the California coast through time; defines "equable" based effective temperatures; and analyzes extinction rates among macroinvertebrate marine taxa from coastal California and the possible causes of these extinctions. The late Paleogene to Neogene faunas reflect an increase in faunal diversity related to strengthened temperature gradients, greater extremes in sea-surface temperatures, reduction in temperateness, and the development of an embayed California coastline.
Sand injectites form during shallow-crustal deformation. Short periods of elevated pore-fluid pressure, which developed regionally, triggered formation of hydrofracture networks into which sand was sometimes injected. Sand injection complexes preserve a record of this process and sandstone intrusions are significant reservoirs in many petroleum systems. Most known subsurface sand injection complexes are from offshore NW Europe and associated with Paleogene strata. Outcrop occurrence is global. Sand injection into unconventional host rocks, including granitoid and metamorphic basement and coal seams, raises awareness of the breadth of geological environments in which sand injection may occur. Discordance between sandstone intrusions and sedimentary hosts occurs on a scale from millimetres to kilometres and is a fundamental diagnostic of intrusions. Microscale textural characterization provides new opportunities to establish possible additional criteria for differentiating intrusions from depositional sandstone. The significance of sand injection complexes in shallow crustal evolution is exemplified by the wide range of lithological hosts and diverse tectonostratigraphic settings documented in this volume. Potential for original research still remains.
Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs presents an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to the geology of sandstone oil and gas reservoirs. Twenty-two case studies involving a variety of depositional settings, tectonic provinces, and burial/diagenetic histories emphasize depositional controls on reservoir architecture, petrophysical properties, and production performance. An introductory section provides perspective to the nature of reservoir characterization and highlights the important questions that future studies need to address. A "reservoir summary" following each case study aids the reader in gaining quick access to the main characteristics of each reservoir. This casebook is heavily illustrated, and most data have not been previously published. The intended audience comprises a broad range of practicing earth scientists, including petroleum geologists, geophysicists, and engineers. Readers will value the integration of geological versus engineering interests provided here, and will be enabled to improve exploration and production results.