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The Commission reviewed 22 marine mammal taxa (i.e., species, subspecies, or population stocks) that occur regularly or entirely within U.S. waters and that are either listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act or designated as depleted under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. The review considered methods for identifying taxa at elevated risk of extinction, evidence regarding their viability, threats to their conservation, and the current status and funding for recovery programs. The review also included an in-depth case study of the cost-effectiveness of recovery efforts for the North Atlantic right whale. Of the 22 taxa, 2 are not considered to be viable: the Caribbean monk seal is considered extinct and the AT1 population of killer whales appears to be on the verge of extinction. The remaining 20 taxa are considered viable; that is, they can persist and recover if human-related threats are identified and addressed. Historical data indicate that many wild species, including a number of marine mammal taxa, have recovered from low numbers when human-related threats were managed effectively.
In its 2004 appropriations bill, Congress directed the Marine Mammal Commission to - review the biological viability of the most endangered marine mammal populations and make recommendations regarding the cost-effectiveness of current protection programs. This report identifies - the most endangered marine mammal populations in U.S. waters, evaluates the criteria and methods used to place marine mammal species and populations on the major protected species lists, and reviews current data on their biological status.
Marine mammals command a high level of public attention, reflected in specific legislation for their protection and management in many countries. They also present particular challenges to ecologists and conservation biologists. They are mostly difficult to observe, they occupy an environment that is vast in its three dimensional extent, there are often perceived conflicts between marine mammals and people, and furthermore several species are now close to extinction. Marine mammals have some intriguing features in their biology - the ability to dive to crushing depths, to perform breath-hold dives that defy our current understanding of mammalian physiology, and many have an ability to hunt down prey using sophisticated sonar that we are only just beginning to understand. Many species also have complex social structures. We still have much to learn about these extraordinary animals so a comprehensive and authoritative overview of current methodology is now timely. The intention of this book is both to summarize the state-of-the-art and to encourage innovation and further progress in this research field.
A synthesis of the ecological and related knowledge pertinent to understanding the biology and conservation of dugongs and manatees.