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Although the ability to retain, process, and project prior experience onto future situations is indispensable, the human mind also possesses the ability to override experience and adapt to changing circumstances. Cognitive scientist Stellan Ohlsson analyzes three types of deep, non-monotonic cognitive change: creative insight, adaptation of cognitive skills by learning from errors, and conversion from one belief to another, incompatible belief. For each topic, Ohlsson summarizes past research, re-formulates the relevant research questions, and proposes information-processing mechanisms that answer those questions. The three theories are based on the principles of redistribution of activation, specialization of practical knowledge, and re-subsumption of declarative information. Ohlsson develops the implications of those mechanisms by scaling their effects with respect to time, complexity, and social interaction. The book ends with a unified theory of non-monotonic cognitive change that captures the abstract properties that the three types of change share.
First book by the world leading authority on the subject. Carlson is respected worldwide by both environmentalists and philosophers. The topic has a growing following among geographers, planners and environmentalists as well as philosophers of aesthetics, crossing over many markets.
This biographical encyclopedia will provide the first comprehensive reference work on leading scholars and professionals who have contributed to the development and institutionalization of psychology in Latin America. The figures biographed will include scholars who have made a significant theoretical contribution to the discipline, as well as, practitioners and those who have contributed to the institutionalization of psychology, through their work in scientific organisations, professional bodies and publications. All persons included are recognized authorities and either natives of, or long-term residents in the region. It will offer an invaluable reference point, in particular for scholars of the history of psychology, Latin American studies, the history of science, and global psychology; as well as for historians, psychologists and social scientists seeking international perspectives on the development of the discipline.
First published in 2009. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
I. Human Artifacts, Social ¡Dilemma and the International System -- 1. The International System as a Human Artifact -- 2. States and the International System as a Response to the Social Dilemma and as a Means of Exploitation and Oppression -- 3. Nature of International Actors, of International Aims and Issues -- II. International Political Systems -- 1. Basic Laws of the International Political System -- 2. The Multipolar International System -- 3. Balance of Power Systems -- 4. Factors Causing the Breakdown of Balance of Power Systems -- 5. Factors Causing the End of the European Balance of Power System -- 6. The Bilateral Power System (Bipolar System) -- 7. The Universal Empire -- III. Factors Determining the Power of States -- 1. Military Power -- 2. Geographical Situation, Size and Population -- 3. Education, Science, Economic and Technological Development -- 4. Social and Political Organization -- IV. Aims of International Politics -- 1. Limited Aims: The Nation State -- 2. Expansionist Aims: The Nation State and Economic Interests -- 3. Economic Relations between State and Non-State Actors -- 4. Holy and Unholy Imperialism -- 5. The Aims of Universal States -- V. The Means of Foreign Policy -- 1. Economic Pressure and Warfare -- 2. Infiltration, Internal Destruction and Terrorism -- 3. Ideology and Religion -- 4. Guerilla War -- 5. Diplomacy -- VI. Contradictions and Dilemmas of International Politics -- 1. The Armaments Race -- 2. The Preservation of Knowledge and the Continuity of Foreign Policy -- 3. The Dilemma between External and Internal Policies -- 4. International Disorder, International Law and Morality -- VII. The Present World System -- 1. The Bipolar Post-War System -- 2. Possible Future Developments of the Present International System -- 3. What Kind of World do we Want? -- 4. Can we Move Towards an Improbable Future?
Part of the bestselling Capstone Classics Series edited by Tom Butler-Bowdon, this collectible, hard-back edition of The Interpretation of Dreams provides an accessible and insightful edition of this important work of psychology Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams introduced his ground-breaking theory of the unconscious and explored how interpreting dreams can reveal the true nature of humanity. Regarded as Freud's most significant work, this classic text helped establish the discipline of psychology and is the foundational work in the field of psychoanalysis. Highly readable and engaging, the book both provides a semi-autobiographical look into Freud’s personal life – his holidays in the Alps, spending time with his children, interacting with friends and colleagues – and delves into descriptions and analyses of the dreams themselves. Freud begins with a review of literature on dreams written by a broad range of ancient and contemporary figures – concluding that science has learned little of the nature of dreams in the past several thousand years. Although the prevailing view was that dreams were merely responses to ‘sensory excitation,’ Freud felt that the multifaceted dimensions of dreams could not be attributed solely to physical causes. By the time Freud began writing the book he had interpreted over a thousand dreams of people with psychoses and recognised the connection between the content of dreams and a person’s mental health. Among his conclusions were that a person’s dreams: Prefer using recent impressions, yet also have access to early childhood memories Unify different people, places, events and sensations into one story Usually focus on small or unnoticed things rather than major events Are almost always ‘wish fulfilments’ which are about the self Have many layers of meaning which are often condensed into a single image The Interpretation of Dreams: The Psychology Classic is as riveting today as it was over a century ago. Anyone with interest in the workings of the unconscious mind will find this book an invaluable source of original insights and foundational scientific concepts. This edition includes an insightful Introduction by Sarah Tomley, a psychology writer and practicing psychotherapist. Tomley considers paints a picture of Freud's life and times, reveals the place of The Interpretation of Dreams in the context of Freud's other writings, and draws out the key points of the work.
Reveals how practitioners, consultants, and faculty can derive theories from actual experience and use such theories in solving real world problems. Bill Crowley explores why theory, in particular theory developed by university and college faculty, is too little used in the off-campus world. The volume examines the importance of solving the theory irrelevance problem, and drawing on a broad spectrum of research and theoretical insights, it provides suggestions for overcoming the not-so-hidden secret of the academic world - why theory with little or no perceived relevance to off-campus environments can be absolutely essential to advancing faculty careers. It also addresses the implications for theory development of fundamental aspects of the American culture and economy, including: the American ambivalence towards intellectuals, the rise in the "theory-unfriendly" environments of for-profit educational institutions, and public demands for enhanced accountability.
Maud (English, Simon Fraser U.) offers a narrative account of the life and work of poet Charles Olson, focusing on the poet's lifelong reading material as a basis for understanding his work. Drawing on an annotated listing of his library, as well as his childhood books and poetry by his contemporaries, he links the books to the poet's intellectual and poetic development at each stage of his career. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR