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This book provides an in-depth look at Europe's changing agricultural and food markets, focusing on the impacts of recent policy reforms, enlargement of the European Union (EU), and trade liberalisation. The papers included in this book braid together four important themes in European agriculture and food markets: the impacts of EU enlargement on productivity growth and catching up in the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs), the influence of food quality standards on market structures in the CEECs and on trade, the impacts of common agricultural policy (CAP) reforms on EU and world markets, and the costs of adjusting to CAP reforms in specific sectors. The insights provided in these papers into the empirical interactions between policies, institutions, and market outcomes, both domestically and internationally, are valuable to policy makers and researchers interested in the future of European agriculture.
This guide is an introduction to English-language sources, in electronic and conventional print forms, dealing with Russia/NIS/Baltic states business issues. It provides evaluative descriptions and costs of all listed sources, and concentrates on recent sources. Sources in respect of some of these countries can be very difficult to locate, and the author provides guidance on how to go about finding them. Contents: Under each country, information sources are grouped in broad categories: Overview (sources designed to answer general, exploratory, country and regional questions; eg. population, politics, how to do business, etc); Current developments (eg. recent changes in tax and other laws, trends in foreign direct investment, latest project tenders); Companies and contacts; Industries and services; Legislation; Organisations (a listing of agencies able to provide assistance, information and business data); Index. The countries covered are: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Central Asia and Transcaucasia; Estonia; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyztan; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation; Ukraine; Uzbekistan.
This guide is an introduction to English language sources, in electronic and print form, dealing with business issues in Russia, the NIS and the Baltic States. It gives evaluative descriptions and costs of all listed sources, concentrating on recent sources. Sources of information on some of these countries can be difficult to locate, and the author gives guidance on how to go about finding them. Contents: Under each country, information sources are grouped in broad categories: Overview (sources designed to answer general, exploratory, country and regional questions, e.g. population, politics, how to do business etc); Current developments (e.g. recent changes in tax and other laws, trends in foreign direct investment, latest project tenders); Companies and contacts; Industries and services; Legislation; Organisations (a listing of agencies and bodies able to provide assistance, information and data to business people).
This publication presents the proceedings of a regional technical meeting held in Budapest, Hungary from 6 to 10 March 2001. The meeting was organized and implemented by the Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvasar, Hungary, in close collaboration with FAO's Seed and Plant Genetic Resources Service. In line with the Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action, the meeting recognized that one of the major challenges facing most countries in the region is the need to invest significant resources in strengthening their capacity to increase the availability of good quality seed of a wider range of plant varieties. This will contribute to the maximization of both agrobiodiversity and productivity, in order to achieve national food security while reducing environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources."
Editors David Macey, William Pyle, and Stephen Wegren, with a host of world-leading agrarian analyst and practitioners, unravel the shortcomings surrounding post-communist agrarian reform and answers how and why particular policies were adopted in Eurasia. Building Market Institutions in Post-Communist Agriculture draws on country-level case studies to analyze a range of initiatives that institutions have applied to agricultural economies. In this edited collection, contributors use a comparative analytical framework to project a universal process of agrarian transformation that continues to change the social, economic, and political characteristics of this part of the world.
East Asian corporations differ from their counterparts in other countries in important ways. Before the recent financial crisis these differences were viewed as one of the reasons for the success of East Asian economies. The crisis altered that view, and many scholars now argue that the weak corporate governance and financing structures of East Asian corporations are partly to blame for the recent crisis. This paper reviews several features of East Asian corporations, showing that they have high leverage and concentrated ownership, are typically affiliated with business groups, and operate in multiple industries. These characteristics affected the performance of corporations prior to the crisis as well as their ability to deal with its aftermath. Each economy's level of development also affected how these characteristics interacted with firm performance and valuation. Finally, the concentration of ownership in the hands of a few large families may have influenced economies' institutional development.
Over the course of history, different legal instruments for protecting intellectual property have emerged. These instruments differ in their subject matter, extent of protection, and field of application, reflecting society's objective to balance the interests of creators and consumers for different types of intellectual works. These legal instruments are just one of the pieces that form a national system of intellectual property protection. Also crucial to the system's overall effectiveness are the institutions administering these instruments, the mechanisms available for enforcing IPRs, and the rules regarding the treatment of non-nationals. To address some of the issues concerning IPRs, this paper defines what they are and attempts to evaluate the relationship between the protection of intellectual property and economic activity in developing countries. It also summarizes the economic effects of IPRs in terms of creation and diffusion of knowledge and information; and market structure and prices. Furthermore, it discusses the reformation of IPRs regimes and makes recommendations for their administration and enforcement. This paper consolidates some of the research from the 'World Development Report 1998/1999: Knowledge for Development' and some contributions made at an Internet-moderated conference conducted by the Bank's TechNet program. It will be of interest to governments, investors, and international organizations.
Aunque la reforma a las telecomunicaciones en Chile condujeron al desarrollo rapido en los anos 90 manejadas por el sector privado, las areas rurales seguian excluidas en gran parte debido al alto costo para proporcionar el servicio. En 1994, el gobierno establecio el Fondo para el Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones, financiado por presupuesto nacional para catalizar la inversion privada adicional y ponerla al servicio de las telecomunicaciones rurales.
World Bank Technical Paper No. 409. In developing and transition economies, 60 to 80 percent of all passenger and freight transport moves by road-the main form of access for most rural communities. Yet most of the 11 million kilometers of roads in these economies are badly maintained and poorly managed. This paper discusses one of the most effective ways to promote sound policies for managing and financing road networks--commercialization. It discusses the emerging central concept of bringing roads into the marketplace, putting them on a fee-for-service basis, and managing them like a business.