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In 1997, a precast prestressed T-Beam in the Ala Moana Shopping Center Parking Garage was strengthened in flexure using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). When the old parking garage was demolished in June 2000 to make way for a new multilevel parking garage, this beam and two control beams were salvaged and transported to the University of Hawaii at Manoa Structural Testing Laboratory for testing. This thesis presents testing of the strengthened beam and a control beam. It also describes the retrofit procedures during field application of the CFRP strips, beam recovery, and preparation for laboratory testing. In addition, a step by step analysis of the predicted strengths is presented. To ensure flexure failure, the beams were retrofitted in shear with CFRP. Two types of wrapping schemes were used and anchorage was provided for the shear retrofit. The left half of each beam was retrofitted with 3" wide double layer CFRP stirrups. The right half of each beam was retrofitted with 12" wide CFRP sheets. After flexural testing, each half of each beam was recovered for shear testing. Flexural test results indicate that the CFRP strengthening provided a 71% increase compared with the control specimen without reducing the beam's ductility. The flexural capacity of the strengthened beam was 21% greater than predicted by ACI 440R-02. The failure shear strength of the beams with CFRP sheets was slightly greater than the ACI 440R-02 prediction. The shear tests indicated delamination of the CFRP stirrups and sheets occurring prior to the maximum shear load. Anchorage at the top and bottom of the beam web helped prevent complete delamination of the CFRP; however further anchorage development is required to maximize the strength of the CFRP shear retrofit.
High strength fibre composites (FRPs) have been used with civil structures since the 1980s, mostly in the repair, strengthening and retrofitting of concrete structures. This has attracted considerable research, and the industry has expanded exponentially in the last decade. Design guidelines have been developed by professional organizations in a number of countries including USA, Japan, Europe and China, but until now designers have had no publication which provides practical guidance or accessible coverage of the fundamentals. This book fills this void. It deals with the fundamentals of composites, and basic design principles, and provides step-by-step guidelines for design. Its main theme is the repair and retrofit of un-reinforced, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures using carbon, glass and other high strength fibre composites. In the case of beams, the focus is on their strengthening for flexure and shear or their stiffening. The main interest with columns is the improvement of their ductility; and both strengthening and ductility improvement of un-reinforced structures are covered. Methods for evaluating the strengthened structures are presented. Step by step procedures are set out, including flow charts, for the various structural components, and design examples and practice problems are used to illustrate. As infrastructure ages worldwide, and its demolition and replacement becomes less of an option, the need for repair and retrofit of existing facilities will increase. Besides its audience of design professionals, this book suits graduate and advanced undergraduate students.
Vols. 29-30 contain papers of the International Engineering Congress, Chicago, 1893; v. 54, pts. A-F, papers of the International Engineering Congress, St. Louis, 1904.
An examination of creative systems in structural and construction engineering taken from conference proceedings. Topics covered range from construction methods, safety and quality to seismic response of structural elements and soils and pavement analysis.