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High-temperature supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles are promising candidates for future stationary power generation and hybrid electric propulsion applications. Supercritical CO2 thermal cycles potentially achieve higher energy density and thermal efficiency by operating at elevated temperatures and pressures. Heat exchangers are indispensable components of aerospace systems and improve efficiency of operation by providing necessary heat input, recovery, and dissipation. Tubular heat exchangers with unconventionally small tube sizes (tube diameters less than 5 mm) are promising components for supercritical CO2 cycles and provide excellent structural stability. Accurate and computationally efficient estimation of heat exchanger performance metrics at elevated temperatures and pressures is important for the design and optimization of sCO2 systems and thermal cycles. In this study, new Colburn and friction factor correlations are developed to quantify shell-side heat transfer and friction characteristics of flow within heat exchangers in the shell-and-tube configuration. Using experimental and CFD data sets from existing literature, multivariate regression analysis is conducted to achieve correlations that capture the effects of multiple critical geometric parameters. These correlations offer superior accuracy and versatility as compared to previous studies and predict the thermohydraulic performance of about 90% of the existing experimental and CFD data within ±15%. Supplementary thermohydraulic performance data is acquired from CFD simulations with sCO2 as the working fluid to validate the developed correlations and to demonstrate application to sCO2 heat exchangers. A computationally efficient and accurate numerical model is developed to predict the performance of STHXs. The highly accurate correlations are utilized to improve the accuracy of performance pre- dictions, and the concept of volume averaging is used to abstract the geometry for reduced computation time. The numerical model is validated by comparison with CFD simulations and provides high accuracy and significantly lower computation time compared to exist- ing numerical models. A preliminary optimization study is conducted, and the advantage of using supercritical CO2 as a working fluid for energy systems is demonstrated. A microtube heat exchanger is fabricated, and essential design and fabrication guidelines of a compact shell-and-tube heat exchanger with microtubes (with inner diameters of 1.75 mm) are provided. A heat exchanger test rig is used to evaluate the thermohydraulic performance of this heat exchanger with supercritical CO2 and air as working fluids. Thermohydraulic data are reported for more than forty sets of experiments with varying Reynolds numbers for shell and tube flows. Critical performance metrics are calculated from the data and compared with predictions from the numerical model. The average deviations between the experimental and model results fall within 10% for all critical metrics. This excellent agreement validates the numerical model for supercritical CO2 heat exchanger optimization and scale-up. A generalized costing model is developed to estimate the capital costs incurred to manufacture microtube shell-and-tube heat exchangers. This model is utilized in conjunction with an accurate and efficient 2D numerical shell-and-tube heat exchanger performance prediction model to conduct optimization studies with two key objectives - minimization of cost and maximization of heat exchanger power density - on supercritical CO2 microtube heat exchangers utilizing superalloy Haynes 282 as the solid material. A methodology is then demonstrated to optimize these heat exchangers for aerospace applications, and highly compact and cost-effective optimal designs with power density around 20 kW/kg and cost per conductance less than 5 $ · K/W are obtained.
This book presents selected and peer-reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Thermofluids (KIIT Thermo 2020). It focuses on the latest studies and findings in the areas of fluid dynamics, heat transfer, thermodynamics, and combustion. Some of the topics covered in the book include electronic cooling, HVAC system analysis, inverse heat transfer, combustion, nano-fluids, multiphase flow, high-speed flow, and shock waves. The book includes both experimental and numerical studies along with a few review chapters from experienced researchers, and is expected to lead to new research in this important area. This book is of interest to students, researchers as well as practitioners working in the areas of fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and combustion.
Seemingly universal geometric forms unite the flow systems of engineering and nature. For example, tree-shaped flows can be seen in computers, lungs, dendritic crystals, urban street patterns, and communication links. In this groundbreaking book, Adrian Bejan considers the design and optimization of engineered systems and discovers a deterministic principle of the generation of geometric form in natural systems. Shape and structure spring from the struggle for better performance in both engineering and nature. This idea is the basis of the new constructal theory: the objective and constraints principle used in engineering is the same mechanism from which the geometry in natural flow systems emerges. From heat exchangers to river channels, the book draws many parallels between the engineered and the natural world. Among the topics covered are mechanical structure, thermal structure, heat trees, ducts and rivers, turbulent structure, and structure in transportation and economics. The numerous illustrations, examples, and homework problems in every chapter make this an ideal text for engineering design courses. Its provocative ideas will also appeal to a broad range of readers in engineering, natural sciences, economics, and business.
The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering, Second Edition, is a fully updated version of this respected reference work, with chapters written by leading experts. Its first part covers basic concepts, equations and principles of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid dynamics. Following that is detailed coverage of major application areas, such as bioengineering, energy-efficient building systems, traditional and renewable energy sources, food processing, and aerospace heat transfer topics. The latest numerical and computational tools, microscale and nanoscale engineering, and new complex-structured materials are also presented. Designed for easy reference, this new edition is a must-have volume for engineers and researchers around the globe.
Fuel Cells: Principles, Design, and Analysis considers the latest advances in fuel cell system development and deployment, and was written with engineering and science students in mind. This book provides readers with the fundamentals of fuel cell operation and design, and incorporates techniques and methods designed to analyze different fuel cell
Over 170 years ago, Sadi Carnot, a French engineer, published his famous article "Reflections on the motive power of fire" and established a new field of science: classical thermodynamics. Since 1985, the scholars in the Naval University of Engineering (from 1949 to 1998) have been making the research work in the field of finite time thermodynamics. This multi-authored book deals with the recent advances of finite time thermodynamics in the Naval University of Engineering. It illustrates how the gap between thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics is bridged. It also illustrates how the gap between physics and engineering is bridged. The readers should find the papers informative and useful for analysis and design of thermodynamic systems with improved performance. The authors hope that this collection of work devoted to finite thermodynamics will provide encouragement for further research in the field.