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Radioactive drug development is a multi-disciplinary task. Therefore, dedicated scientists and experts from different fields of specialisation have contributed to this book. The text reviews forty years of advances in radiopharmaceutical development based on Technetium. The first section reviews basic principles and analytic methods, and information on chemical makeup of radiopharmaceuticals. Part 2 reviews 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine, thoroughly outlining their chemistry, formulation, pharmacokinetics and clinical applications.
The decay product of the medical isotope molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and associated medical isotopes iodine-131 (I-131) and xenon-133 (Xe-133) are used worldwide for medical diagnostic imaging or therapy. The United States consumes about half of the world's supply of Mo-99, but there has been no domestic (i.e., U.S.-based) production of this isotope since the late 1980s. The United States imports Mo-99 for domestic use from Australia, Canada, Europe, and South Africa. Mo-99 and Tc-99m cannot be stockpiled for use because of their short half-lives. Consequently, they must be routinely produced and delivered to medical imaging centers. Almost all Mo-99 for medical use is produced by irradiating highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets in research reactors, several of which are over 50 years old and are approaching the end of their operating lives. Unanticipated and extended shutdowns of some of these old reactors have resulted in severe Mo-99 supply shortages in the United States and other countries. Some of these shortages have disrupted the delivery of medical care. Molybdenum-99 for Medical Imaging examines the production and utilization of Mo-99 and associated medical isotopes, and provides recommendations for medical use.
Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals will continue to have a significant impact in several areas of nuclear medicine. This publication is intended to provide a broad overview of the current status of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals. It includes chapters on the most advanced chemical techniques for labelling biomolecules and synthesizing suitable multifunctional ligands that will help in the development of specific radiotracers. Of special interest for the reader are details of recent research to develop technetium-99m tracers for monitoring different biological processes enabling the development of new radiopharmaceuticals with greatly improved clinical potential.
Participants of the July 17-18, 2017, symposium titled Opportunities and Approaches for Supplying Molybdenum-99 and Associated Medical Isotopes to Global Markets examined current trends in molybdenum-99 production, prospects for new global supplies, and technical, economic, regulatory, and other considerations for supplying molybdenum-99 to global markets. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the symposium.
This book is the product of a congressionally mandated study to examine the feasibility of eliminating the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU2) in reactor fuel, reactor targets, and medical isotope production facilities. The book focuses primarily on the use of HEU for the production of the medical isotope molybdenum-99 (Mo-99), whose decay product, technetium-99m3 (Tc-99m), is used in the majority of medical diagnostic imaging procedures in the United States, and secondarily on the use of HEU for research and test reactor fuel. The supply of Mo-99 in the U.S. is likely to be unreliable until newer production sources come online. The reliability of the current supply system is an important medical isotope concern; this book concludes that achieving a cost difference of less than 10 percent in facilities that will need to convert from HEU- to LEU-based Mo-99 production is much less important than is reliability of supply.
Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals will continue to have a significant impact in several areas of nuclear medicine. This publication is intended to provide a broad overview of the current status of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals. It includes chapters on the most advanced chemical techniques for labelling biomolecules and synthesizing suitable multifunctional ligands that will help in the development of specific radiotracers. Of special interest for the reader are details of recent research to develop technetium-99m tracers for monitoring different biological processes enabling the develo.
This book is a comprehensive guide to radiopharmaceutical chemistry. The stunning clinical successes of nuclear imaging and targeted radiotherapy have resulted in rapid growth in the field of radiopharmaceutical chemistry, an essential component of nuclear medicine and radiology. However, at this point, interest in the field outpaces the academic and educational infrastructure needed to train radiopharmaceutical chemists. For example, the vast majority of texts that address radiopharmaceutical chemistry do so only peripherally, focusing instead on nuclear chemistry (i.e. nuclear reactions in reactors), heavy element radiochemistry (i.e. the decomposition of radioactive waste), or solely on the clinical applications of radiopharmaceuticals (e.g. the use of PET tracers in oncology). This text fills that gap by focusing on the chemistry of radiopharmaceuticals, with key coverage of how that knowledge translates to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals for the clinic. The text is divided into three overarching sections: First Principles, Radiochemistry, and Special Topics. The first is a general overview covering fundamental and broad issues like “The Production of Radionuclides” and “Basics of Radiochemistry”. The second section is the main focus of the book. In this section, each chapter’s author will delve much deeper into the subject matter, covering both well established and state-of-the-art techniques in radiopharmaceutical chemistry. This section will be divided according to radionuclide and will include chapters on radiolabeling methods using all of the common nuclides employed in radiopharmaceuticals, including four chapters on the ubiquitously used fluorine-18 and a “Best of the Rest” chapter to cover emerging radionuclides. Finally, the third section of the book is dedicated to special topics with important information for radiochemists, including “Bioconjugation Methods,” “Click Chemistry in Radiochemistry”, and “Radiochemical Instrumentation.” This is an ideal educational guide for nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, and radiopharmaceutical chemists, as well as residents and trainees in all of these areas.
This book provides comprehensive and detailed information on the scientific bases of nuclear medicine, addressing a wide variety of topics and explaining the concepts that underlie many of the investigations and procedures performed in the field. The book is divided into six sections that cover the physics and chemistry of nuclear medicine besides associated quality assurance/quality control procedures; dosimetry and radiation biology; SPECT and PET imaging instrumentation plus CT imaging technology in hybrid modalities; data analysis including image processing, reconstruction, radiomics, image degrading correction techniques, along with image quantitation and kinetic modeling. Within these sections, particular attention is paid to recent developments and the advances in knowledge that have taken place since release of the first edition in 2011. Several entirely new chapters have been included and the remaining chapters, thoroughly updated. Innovations in the ever-expanding field of nuclear medicine are predominantly due to integration of the basic sciences with complex technological advances. This excellently illustrated book on the subject will be of interest to not only nuclear medicine physicists and physicians but also clinical scientists, radiologists, radiopharmacists, medical students and technologists.
The thoroughly updated new edition of the authoritative reference in Radiopharmaceutical Sciences The second edition of Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals is a comprehensive review of the field, presenting up-to-date coverage of central topics such as radionuclide production, synthetic methodology, radiopharmaceutical development and regulations, and a wide range of practical applications. A valuable reference work for those new to the Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and experienced professionals alike, this volume explores the latest concepts and issues involving both targeted diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Contributions from a team of experts from across sub-disciplines provide readers with an immersive examination of radiochemistry, nuclear medicine, molecular imaging, and more. Since the first edition of the Handbook was published, Nuclear Medicine and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences have undergone major changes. New radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy have been approved by the FDA, the number of clinical PET and SPECT scans have increased significantly, and advances in Artificial Intelligence have dramatically improved research techniques. This fully revised edition reflects the current state of the field and features substantially updated and expanded content. New chapters cover topics including current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP), regulatory oversight, novel approaches to quality control—ensuring that readers are informed of the exciting developments of recent years. This important resource: Features extensive new and revised content throughout Covers key areas of application for diagnosis and therapy in oncology, neurology, and cardiology Emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Discusses how drug companies are using modern radiopharmaceutical imaging techniques to support drug discovery Examines current and emerging applications of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Edited by recognized experts in radiochemistry and PET imaging, Handbook of Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiochemistry and Applications, 2 nd Edition is an indispensable reference for post-doctoral fellows, research scientists, and professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, and for academics, graduate students, and newcomers in the field of radiopharmaceuticals.
Nearly 20 million nuclear medicine procedures are carried out each year in the United States alone to diagnose and treat cancers, cardiovascular disease, and certain neurological disorders. Many of the advancements in nuclear medicine have been the result of research investments made during the past 50 years where these procedures are now a routine part of clinical care. Although nuclear medicine plays an important role in biomedical research and disease management, its promise is only beginning to be realized. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation highlights the exciting emerging opportunities in nuclear medicine, which include assessing the efficacy of new drugs in development, individualizing treatment to the patient, and understanding the biology of human diseases. Health care and pharmaceutical professionals will be most interested in this book's examination of the challenges the field faces and its recommendations for ways to reduce these impediments.